the primary language of the designated Essay Example

the primary language of the designated Essay The Primary Language of the Designated Name: Institution: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on the primary language of the designated specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on the primary language of the designated specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on the primary language of the designated specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Primary Language of the Designated Part A Summary of the Country and its Language Mexico borders the US on the north, the Pacific Ocean on the west and south, the Caribbean Sea on the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico on the east. It is one of the most populous countries in the world, with an estimated population of 112,975,406. About 78% of the population lives in urban areas. The main cities in the country include Mexico City, which is the capital and which has a population of more than nineteen million people, Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, and Tijuana. Mexico was one of the countries colonized by Spain in the sixteenth century. The colonization by Spain had a tremendous effect in the country’s language. The main ethnic group in the country is the Mestizo, making up 60% of the population. The mestizos are Amerindian, Spanish populations. The main language spoken in the country is Spanish, which is spoken by more than 90% of the population, making it the largest country in the world where Spanish is spoken. There are other indigenous languages such as Na huati and Mayan, spoken in different parts of the country (CIA, 2012). Mexico regained her independence from Spain in the nineteenth century. By this time, Spain had a major influence in the culture and language of Mexico. Development of the Spanish language in Spain and Mexico was different, and there are some differences in both verbal and written Spanish, between the Spanish spoken in Spain and the Mexican Spanish. Mexican Spanish has influences from the indigenous languages and the US English in addition, Mexicans use some Spanish words, which are considered outdated by European Spanish. These elements influence the differences between Mexican Spanish and European Spanish. Description of Ferraro’s Model of High Context and Low Context Language The context in the area of communication matters depending on whether a particular region is high context or low context. High context languages are implicit, and many words are unspoken. Verbal messages do not make a lot of meaning in the absence of non-verbal messages, because of the importance assigned to the environment or the context when a person is speaking. People will tend to associate the words they use with different elements such as religion, culture, history, relationships, and status. There is a lot of indirect communication from people using high context languages. The language lies more towards building relationships, rather than doing business and fulfilling the immediate agenda. This is unlike the low context languages, which are explicit and nothing is hidden. The low context languages assign meaning to every word. People speaking these languages mean what they say. They will have many words to describe what they want in definite terms. Thus, a person using a low c ontext language will tend to use more words to describe an event or situation than a person using high context language will. Assessment of the Language in Terms of the Model Mexico is a high context culture and the language spoken is high culture. The people complement their verbal communication with non-verbal communication to make their meaning clear. The importance of forming relationships, even in business settings, means that people avoid using words such as ‘no’ and other negatives directly because they are considered rude. When a person is not interested in an offer, he or she tries to look for the right words to use. Moreover, Mexicans tend to avoid being direct on issues, and a direct answer is not warranted. Although the Spanish spoken in Mexico is a high context language, it tends to use more words than the English language. This is because of several reasons such as the need for the person to express himself emotionally and deeply in an attempt to create more meaning, the use of gendered language, and the fact that the language is not easy to adapt (Devlyn Moulton, 2010). Conclusion and Discussion on Factors for the Conclusion Mexican language exhibits both elements present in both high and low context languages. However, the language is more of a high context language, because the Mexicans have high context cultures. They are expressive and emotional, and they do this in a bid to form and maintain relationships. However, their need for expression leads them to use many words, a factor that is more common among low context languages. . Part B Social Habits and Behaviors The urban population in Mexico has become increasingly westernized. This population uses Spanish as well as English when communicating. Most of the people will combine the two languages when speaking. However, they continue to retain elements of their culture, which are not familiar or readily accepted in America. For instance, the idea of closeness is important to them. Mexicans are not as individualistic as Americans are, and they do not have the concept of personal space. It is common to see two men talking together when they are in proximity. Non-Verbal Communications and Factors Identified Non-verbal communication comprises a major part of the communication process, yet many people hardly pay any attention to it. People use non-verbal communication to emphasize a point, show their lack of understanding or agree with the person, and as a means of substituting for words. In some cases, non-verbal communication indicates the power that a person holds. For instance, people in authority will look at their subordinates directly when speaking to them. A subordinate may find it hard to look at his or her employer directly. People communicate in different ways using non-verbal expressions. This happens in the gestures they make, in their body postures, in their proximity towards the person they are communicating with, the expression in their eyes, and in their facial expressions. People are able to gauge the other person’s degree of interest in what they are saying by observing their body posture and facial expression. Some of the gestures are common across many cultures , but others tend to have entirely different meanings. It is essential to understand the meaning of different gestures and other non-verbal communication to avoid miscommunication (West Turner, 2010). Mexicans make use of non-verbal communication such as gestures, eye contact, and facial expression. Cultural Traits regarding use of Gestures, Touching, and Eye Contact Mexicans avoid looking at each other directly when they are communicating. This shows a sign of aggression and confrontation depending on the context. It can also be a sign of flirting, especially if done by a member of the opposite sex. Mexicans will avoid direct eye contact as a sign of respect. Many Americans maintain eye contact when communicating, as a way of showing interest and understanding. Power distance is a crucial factor when communicating. Mexicans tend to have a shorter power distance compared to Americans. They stand closer to each other when communicating. When Americans fail to understand this, they might take it to mean that the Mexicans do not respect their personal space. Touching is widely accepted in Mexico. People use touch as a sign of welcome, whether it is through an embrace or a pat on the back. However, the urban population has become more aware of the differences in other cultures, and it is common to see people in professional settings shake their hands instead of embracing (Centre for Intercultural Learning, 2009). Summary and Recommendation It is essential to understand the various cultural elements and meaning behind non-verbal communications in different cultures. This will help a person avoid embarrassing situations and communicate more effectively. Moreover, it is vital to interpret non-verbal communication in the context of verbal communication to enhance understanding (West Turner, 2010).

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates is an Irish appurtenant private manufacturer of premium chocolate and chocolate products. It works in the industry of chocolate, ice-cream and candy manufacturing. The manufacturer is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Butlers Chocolates was founded in Lad Lane in 1932 and it celebrated its 80 years of being a distributor of happiness in 2012. The manufacturer employs 250 people across manufacturing, shipping, packing, cask payments, sales and marketing, innovative production evolvement and Butlers Chocolate Cafes (History 2013). It is available in over 35 countries. Moreover, in 2012 Butlers Chocolate opened two overseas offices, in Singapore and in Dubai in particular in order to service the Asia-Pacific area together with the Middle East (Who we are 2013). The company opened the first cafà © in Dublin in 1998 and has established 17 Butlers Chocolate Cafes since then. Three of them were opened in Dublin, and all others appeared in Cork, New Zealand, London, Galwa y, Karachi, Pakistan, Westfield, Clonshaugh, and Lahore. The manufacturer has introduced its chocolate to many lovers across the world, from Shannon to Sydney and from Dublin to Dubai. In fact, the company is on sale in over 35 countries, including Australia, the USA, the Russian Federation, Singapore, and England (About us 2013). Butlers Chocolates SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a well-defined and structures planning method. It is used to estimate internal factors, including strengths and weaknesses, and external factors, including opportunities and threats. Internal factors encompass the internal situation of the company, whereas external factors present the external environment to the organization (Humphrey 2005). Strengths First, the company has a lot of individual, premium, and secret recipes. Secondly, it posses a unique concept, which encompasses the relaxing cafà © ambience and Butlers Chocolate cafà ©, both offering the highest quality retail outlet. Thirdly, the manufacturer introduces a number of innovations, including the mail order gifts, Internet marketing, club membership, and discount schemes, which helped the company to raise their general sales (Scott 2013). Fourthly, the company developed the entrepreneurial concept, with the help of which, the manufacturer tries to market chocolates with the help of coffees, in order to increase the sales. Fifthly, Butlers Chocolate Cafà © carried out an environmental scanning before starting with the concept of chocolates with coffee. It helped to check whether the idea is working in the market or not. Finally, Butlers Chocolates is a chocolate leader in a number of big markets, including UK and the USA (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Weaknesses First of all, it is considered that manufacturer has a relatively low promotions and advertising budget (Cleveland 2000). Most of their innovations and unique products are either unknown for the average person or poorly advertised. This shows the low market awareness of the brand. Secondly, there is the risk of production line issues. Finally, the company does not have the full access to the system in order to make any possible modifications due to the fact that Butlers Chocolates bought the hardware and backup facilities, while the software technical equipment and Labyrinth stayed the same. That is why it is crucial for further development to be able to save and update the site itself (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Opportunities First of all, there are franchise opportunities in foreign markets. Secondly, there is the opportunity to expand the airport retail model. Thirdly, Butlers Chocolates is to widen their Butlers Chocolate Cafes’ network into the USA. The premium chocolate manufacturer is to open the first retail outlet in New Jersey with further openings, which are believed to appear during the following 18 months (About us 2013). Finally, Butlers Chocolates opportunities concern technological innovations. The explosive growth of the computer and informational technology influences the way manufacturer brings value to the customers. It is hard to measure the value of a Web site, but it is obvious that the company has made a lot of money form the Internet efforts. In fact, all new technologies create new opportunities and markets. That is practically why the web-department should watch the following trend in technology in order to raise the online purchases (Scott 2013). Threats The first group of threats concerns economics and shows that there might be a decrease in the customer’s demand. Thus, the manufacturer has to be strongly market focused. Secondly, there is the treat of the competitive price pressure. Due to the intensive growth of such discounters and Lidl and Aldi, there are numerous threats from substitutes. Finally, there is the threat of higher input prices, which will be provoked by the increase of competitive prices around (About us 2013). PESTEL Analysis Political factors show to what degree the government intervenes in the economy of the country. Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy. It is an independent sovereign Arab State (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). The monarchy is ruled by Emir. Such status is provided as a heritage from the previous Emir. Despite the fact that Kuwait is claimed to be a democracy, the Prime Minister and most of cabinet ministers are appointed by the Emir and not by the general population. It practically means that most cabinet ministers are from the ruling family. Moreover, Prime Minister is often a crown prince. He is chosen by the royal family. 50 members of the National Assembly are elected from five different districts. Ten members are selected from each district. The participation in the National Assembly is allowed to the native Kuwaiti or so-called â€Å"naturalized† people, who have lived there for more than 20 years (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). These might be both men and women, over 21 years old. The National Assembly creates laws, which are later approved by the Emir. There are 16 cabinet ministers, who are also to attend the National Assembly. The National Assembly is selected for four years. Moreover, the Emir has the constitutional right to dissolve it (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). However, the National Assembly has the right to reject the selection of the royal family concerning the crown prince and offer three different candidates from the direct descendant of the Emir (Cleveland 2000). There are several political parties in the Kuwaiti government: Islamic Salafi Alliance, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, National Islamic Alliance, Popular Action Bloc, National Democratic Alliance and Justice and Peace Alliance in particular (Cleveland 2000). The Emir is the person responsible for the assigning of the judges to courts. This is done together with the Ministry of Justice. It is known that Kuwait does not accept International Court of Justice jurisdiction (Cleveland, 2000). Despite the fact that Kuwait is the most moderate and liberal society in the region, the country is still seen as conservative from the Western perspective. Approximately 30% of Kuwait population are discriminated. The discriminations are usually based on the religion. In fact, Sunni government creates many barriers for Shia people. It concerns additional checking at the airports, freedom of speech towards Sunni, deficiency of Shia court of appeal, limitation of Shia political advertising. Durin g the last six years, National Assembly was disbanded 5 times. The last time it happened on the 20th of June 2012 (Sadek 2013). Actually, every new National Assembly questions the members of the royal family for corruption. However, the Al Sabah family is very strong, that is why the outcome is obvious (Cleveland 2000). Economic factors show how the business operates and makes decisions. Kuwait has a relatively small, wealthy, and open economy. The major source of profit is crude oil. The oil makes approximately 95% of country export and Kuwaiti government profit. Kuwait is geographically small as the country, but it has 9% of the global oil deposits. It holds the 5th place in Organization for Petrol Exporting Countries (OPEC). Kuwaiti GDP was more than $ 200bln in 2010. The GDP is 55% thanks to the oil sector, private sector encompasses 34,8%, transportation and communication makes 15,2%, financial sector encompasses 25,5%, and manufacturing makes 9,7% (World Bank Development Indicators 2008). In 2010, Kuwaiti government took two initiatives in order to provide higher diversification of the economy. The first one allows selling government property to private investors, and the second one provides $130bln of the monetary package, which has to be spent during five years in order to boost the foreign direct investments and private sector participation in the economy. Kuwait imports mainly from the US and the UAE. The top priority products the country has to buy abroad are food and beverages, construction materials, products of automotive industries and clothing. The general volume of Kuwaiti export was close to $ 22 billion in 2011 (Kurt 2003). Social factors affect the demand for various products and the way any company operates. In Kuwait live 2.7 million people: 1.3 million of non-Kuwaiti citizens and additional 900 thousands temporary together with those who have invalid visas. 85% of people are Muslim, the rest are Hindu, Christian, Parsi etc (Kjeilen 2013). Arabic is the major language; however, the English language is widely used. It is obvious that women in Kuwait do not enjoy the similar level of freedom as women in the western World, but still they are more powerful than in some radically Islamic countries, such as Saudi Arabia. In fact, women have the right to own property, to drive a car, to move within the country and abroad, to be elected, to vote, and to work. Approximately 70% of Kuwaiti students are actually female (Kjeilen 2013). According to Hofstede dimensions (Appendix A), Kuwait has a very high number for power distance, as it prefers centralized organizational structure; the ideal boss for Kuwaitis is autocrat. The second parameter, which stands for individualism and is quite low, means that Kuwait is a collectivistic community. It practically shows that various personal, inner-group relationships are believed to be more important than the law (Myers Tan 2002). All employee-employer relations are affected by personal connections. The third parameter that stands for masculinity versus femininity is more low than high. The society is relatively feminine, which is shown in situations as conflict resolution by negotiations and compromises, and the focus on well-being (Myers Tan 2002). The last parameter stands for uncertainty avoidance, and it is high. The main motivator for people to work is the fact that security and innovations may be resisted. There is no data provided for the parameter of long term orientation (Kuwait 2013). Technologic factors identify the barriers to entry, and minimum efficient production level. Kuwait almost does not produce any high-technological solutions. Moreover, there are no renewable energy sources in use (Anandarajan, Igbaria Anakwe 2002). Nevertheless, there is some movement towards high technology evolvement. The 21st century depicted a high growth in the Internet usage, in the Middle East Kuwait in particular. The growth is substantial in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Loch, Straub Kamel 2003). The Internet penetration has increase by 300% in Kuwait between 2000 and 2005 (Rouibah Hamdy 2009). Legal factors can affect the way a company operates, the costs and the demand for its products. Kuwait is a member of GCC custom union. That practically means that all of the products manufactured in those countries can work more freely across borders. In fact, the custom union will take such goods as if they have been produced in GCC only if 40% of product value has been subjoined in these countries and if GCC citizens own 51% of the company capital (Cleveland 2000). Kuwaiti legislation requires presence of local agents, distributors within the country. The licenses for import from Ministry of Commerce are valid for one year. They are renewable and allow multiple shipments. Only the local agent is able to get goods at the custom by presenting a letter of representation (Sambidge 2012). Kuwait has extremely warm tax environment for doing business. Corporate income tax is applied only to foreign entities carrying on trade or business. Tax rate of 15 % is applied to the following incom es – royalties, franchise, license, trademark, patent, and copyright fees received by foreign entities from Kuwait. Environmental factors may especially affect industries such as farming, insurance, and tourism. Kuwait is a country with a desert climate. Such type of the climate is famous for its aridity and hotness. It is possible to distinguish four seasons. Summer is extremely hot, autumn is quite warm with numerous thunderstorms, winter is relatively cool with frequent fogs, and spring is warm with thunderstorms, heavy rains, and cool winds (Kurt 2003). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Porter’s five forces analysis is a special framework for industry analysis and strategy evolvement. It encompasses five factors, including treat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, availability of substitutes and competitive rivalry. This analysis does more than just observing the direct competitors of a particular company. Such an analysis looks at various sides of the industry’s economic profile and environment together with the competitive structure. The idea is to observe each of these aspects and estimate the degree to which they raise the level of the competition in the industry. If the forces analysed are strong, they will raise the competition level in the industry, whereas if the forces are weak, they will decrease it. The competitive environment of an industry has a strong influence on the activity of businesses within that particular industry. Porter’s five forces define whether the industry is appealing or not from the view point of a company competing in the particular industry. Moreover, the appealing industry is the one, which provides the facilities for profitability (Peng 2009). The degree of rivalry. The degree and intensity of rivalry is the most obvious force out of five. It helps to define the measure to which the value created by the industry will be dispelled through head-to-head competition. The industry’s intensity of rivalry among competitors is medium. It is due to the fact that industry has numerous, equally balanced competitors, including Mamar General Trade Cont Co, Godiva, Alkazemi Food Industries, Al Ammed Coffe Chocolate and others (Chocolates in Kuwait 2013). In fact, the competition is tougher with the already established players. This factor is decreasing the intensity in the particular force. The industry is slowly growing. It has huge storage and fixed costs, and has low exit barriers. Moreover, there is a high scope for growth, which is aided by rising population and disposable income. All of these conditions create price wars, while advertising new product lines, and higher quality of customer service in the industry (Peng 2009) . The threat of entry. In this case, the threat of new entrants is low. Both future and already existing competitors affect general industry profitability. It is known that the threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. According to Kuwaiti Commercial Law 68 of 1980, no foreign company cant establish a branch or do any commercial activity in the country if not doing it through the local distributor or agent. There is a rising demand for the chocolate products due to the rising population. The industry is characterized by the highly regulated markets and limited pricing power. These factors are decreasing the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, the financing options are easy. Such factors as the existence of economies of scale, the difference in products, the need for large capital requirements, the existence of switching costs, the lack of access to distribution channels, and the regulations that are in place for the food manufactures create the basis for t he low treat of new entrants. In addition, the brand name is well-known and the initial capital investment is high (About us 2013). A low threat of new entrants proves that the industry is more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies, which are already competing within that industry (Peng 2009). Barging power of buyers. The bargaining power of buyers is medium. However, it is raised by two aspects: a number of large volume purchasers on the one hand and the general purchasers’ low profits from the product on the other hand. There is also the lack of backward integration and the firmness on the industry’s product (Wilkinson 2013). Such factor as highly differentiated offerings increases the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, there are very few players in a particular food segment, and such fact decreases the intensity of the force. Finally, there is a highly regulated pricing system, which definitely increases the bargaining power of buyers (Who we are 2013). Bargaining power of suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers is decreased as the industry is an important customer of the supplier group, and suppliers do not pose a threat on forwarding integration. Nevertheless, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. There are no substitute products. In addition, the supplier’s product is of high importance to the industry (Wilkinson 2013). Food prices largely depend on global prices as the region imports most of its food requirements. There is the low supplier concentration. In addition, the adverse input price fluctuation might cut profitability. All these three factors decrease the intensity of a particular force. They also depict the decrease of intensity of a particular force. As the substitute products are almost not available in the marketplace, the supplier’s barging power is high (Peng 2009). Threat of substitute products and services. The level of treat of substitutes is low due to the fact that industry is dominated by large companies, having diversified offerings, which helps it to be less elastic to various price alterations. Moreover, large companies enjoy economies of scale. The consumer change-over costs are high. In addition, substitute products are more expensive than the industry products, and the quality together with the performance of the substitute product is beneath the industry’s product quality. This definitely makes the industry more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies in the industry, while high treat of substitute products makes it less appealing and decreases the profit facility (Wilkinson 2013). Mode of Entry The selection of an institutional arrangement, meaning the mode for entering or expanding in a foreign market is one of the most important strategic decisions that an international firm has to make. A well-selected mode can provide the possibility for a company to receive competitive advantage (Osland, Taylor Zou 2001). The four main alternatives are exporting, joint venture, licensing (franchising), and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Butlers Chocolates has entered London, England, and the U.S. with the help of joint ventures (Butlers Chocolates enters the UK and IS markets 2009). Joint venture might be in favour due to several reasons: First of all, the risk is shared by each partner. Secondly, it allows having the control of the market with resource commitment (Rogmans 2013). Thirdly, it makes the adaptation and the standardization strategy to the local market easier. The company will be able to benefit from the local partner, as the knowledge will be shared. Joint venture is favourable when the partner’s strategic goals converge, the competitive goals diverge, and partners are able to learn from each other while limiting access to their own proprietary skills (Foley 1999). live CHAT Franchising system supplies with longer agreements and the franchisor provides a wider package of resources and rights. Such package usually encompasses the equipment, managerial systems, initial trainings, operational manual, site approval, and all support necessary for the franchisee to turn the business in the same direction it is done by the franchisor. Moreover, franchising is limited to trademark and operating know-how of the business (Rogmans 2013). Such entry of mode has numerous advantages: First of all, it faces low political risk. Secondly, the general costs are low. Thirdly, it allows conjoined proliferation into various regions around the globe. Finally, well chosen partners bring managerial capabilities as well as financial investment to the operation. Nevertheless, there are also several disadvantages of the international franchising mode. In fact, franchisees may turn into future competitors (Rogmans 2013). Their demand may be scarce at the beginning of a franchise company, which can lead to making agreements with the candidates. This will ruin the company’s name and reputation in the market (Loch 2001). Finally, franchising requires a higher financial investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees (Sherman 2004). In 2006, Butlers Chocolates tried to set-a-going of the Butlers Chocolate Cafà © concept on the international level. They planned to do that by well-motivated and capable franchisees. The company believes that this is a perfect method to show Butlers Chocolates to a wider audience (Hoy Stanworth 2013). It allows combining the expertise and the local knowledge of franchisees based on the broader audience. This will ensure the maintenance of the products and service quality. There will be no r estrictions on location. In fact, Butlers Chocolates are committed to continue the roll-out of international franchise operations (Franchising 2013). They propose a franchisee to deal with one and only store franchise. In particular cases, they provide the right to enter into an Area Development Agreement (Butlers Chocolate Cafà © Limited 2013). Practically, these two entries of mode are to be chosen while introducing and expanding the company in Kuwait (Streib 2007). Two strategic rules might be used by Butlers Chocolates while entering a foreign market First of all, they should operate the business through joint venture by searching a popular an enriched local firm if there is a need to consider economic scale, politics and culture differences. Secondly, if the company wants to start with a low commitment entry mode, it is better to apply franchising, which will allow to move to a great level of ownership and controls as they develop the requisite local knowledge.

Sports prodigy a curse of blessing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports prodigy a curse of blessing - Essay Example A child sometimes may project a health which is not normal for him. Sometimes parents and sports coach or teachers may take it as a blessing .This is not right, as a child can hurt himself trying to improve his health more. The bones of a child are not strong as an elderly man, anytime before maturity. And he needs to have mental maturity also to perform well in sports like a matured man. And moreover, childhood is a time to enjoy the sports and not be a sport professional. Being a sport prodigy is definitely a curse. A child cannot think of his future like 30 years ahead before the age of 21 or so and hence being a sports prodigy steals from him his childhood. As per (SPIT)â€Å"It is difficult to ask a 16 year old to think ahead to what her body will be like when she’s 30. But 30 are awfully young to be struggling with symptoms of a degenerative knee and a possible knee replacement†. Normally children at young age need to look after their body well and eat food that is healthy for the body. Only a body with a strong base can help a child to be a sport star. Being a sport prodigy is not an easy thing as one needs to provide all the nutrients to the body in the right quantity at the right time. A sports prodigy means a child who becomes expert in sports due to his skill and capabilities at a smaller age. According to (King Kamali)â€Å" My strength has been a blessing and a curse at the same time. I HAVE to lift heavy to â€Å"feel† the contraction†. It would not be easy even for his parents to maintain him. A child may at times project a well developed body at a small age due to a genetic problem. So the child should be taken to the doctor to look into the problem as a child is overgrowing. Sports are not a temporary activity for a professional, as his whole life is based on that. So once a child shows a sign of sport prodigy, the parents should take it as a

Singer- and Kants categorical imperative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Singer- and Kants categorical imperative - Essay Example One of the major contributors in bioethics is Peter Singer who has put across various theories in this field. One theory he stipulates is that sacrifices of significant interests must not be done for the sake of minor interest. By this, he means that when considering an ethical issue one must evaluate what is more valuable than the other and then make a decision favoring what is more significant of the two factors. This theory has been used to decide on various ethical issues when it comes to medicine. A practical example is by considering the example given earlier. In the hospitals doctors and family members always find themselves in tough situations I deciding whether to turn off machines that are keeping a patient who is brain dead alive. Often family members always rely on the doctor’s advice when deciding on whether to pull the plug or not. By using singer’s theory doctors often ask their self one crucial question. Is the patient who is brain dead worth keeping alive without the hopes of any recovery even though it means putting the patient’s family members in serious financial problems because of the high costs they incur as a result of medical bill? After doctors evaluate this question, they end up advice their patient’s family member to agree to turn of the machines keeping the patient alive since they will only suffer financially despite the fact that the patient will never wake up or recover. Singer’s theory has also been vastly used when it comes to the ethical issue of using animals when it comes to the advancement of medicine and biology. He argues that rights for animals, which are of an inferior species than humans should not be put before that of human beings. By this, the scholar stipulated that, people should not discredit the use of animals in medical research because this testing f animals will help along were in improving the lives of human beings, which is much more valuable than the life of

History of networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of networking - Essay Example The said necessity can be attributed to the advent of the computer technology since stored data in different units of are needed to be shared within a local are or to another remote located. The said need that been realized through the onset of the different networking technologies that made data management faster and more efficient (Morley and Parker, 2009, p.322). The study is aimed to present the history of networking technologies by discussing the chronological development of the different systems that contributed to the present utilizable networking tools. Toward the Development of the Connectionless Computer Networks 1960s: 1. Development of the ARPANET The ARPANET is one of the first networking technologies considered as the precursor of the internet technology. It had been developed in 1969 by a group under the United States Department of Defense known as the Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and known as the ‘first operational packet-switching network’ (St allings, 2007, p.25). ... The original ARPANET design can be seen in Figure 1. From the said circle of users and groups connected to the ARPANET, the number of hosts grew to hundred millions and the number of users grew to billions. In 2007, there are 200 countries that were connected to the network (Stallings, 2007, p.25). From the said official use, the utilization of the system extended to college students. Thus, the ARPANET at that time was being applied for military purposes and for the exchange of information among the groups included in the circle. Through the inclusion of the students, though, a new purpose had been born considered as unintended. Computer games began during that time (Morley and Parker, 2009, p.322). Figure 1. Original ARPANET design. (Source: Tanenbaum, 2003, p.52) Basically, the networks continued to expand through the years. It became massive that it included the different types of hardware from the earliest to the latest such as the ‘DOS-based computers, the Windows-based co mputers, the Apple Macintosh computers, and the UNIX systems. The evolution, development and connection to the ARPANET can be considered as the early stage internet that the world has today (Morley and Parker, 2009; Stallings, 2007). The ARPANET uses the technology contributed by the different participants in the group such as the European networks including Cyclades in France and EIN. This collaboration led to the main system used, which was the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). The protocol suite then became TCP/IP, the main foundation in the development of the Internet (Stallings, 2007, p.26). 1970s: 1. Development of the System Network Architecture (SNA) The SNA which had been launched in 1974 was developed by IBM. It is a layered

Definition of Marketing and Marketing Mix

Definition of Marketing and Marketing Mix Application of the marketing mix is no longer relevant for contemporary approaches to marketing. Marketing mix, as a part of marketing strategy, may affect the performance of one company. However, as to whether it still plays an important role in the contemporary marketing, many scholars and academics have various views, and some of them regard it as controversial, see Grà ¶nroos 1994, McCarthy 1960, Kent 1986 for more detail. Based on the previous analysis, this essay mainly discusses the relevance of the marketing mix used in two certain contemporary approaches- customers marketing, and relationship marketing as the limitation study of this essay. The Definition of Marketing and Marketing Mix In order to have a clear idea on marketing mix, first of all, the concept of marketing should be discussed. As reported by Keith Blois (2000, p.517), the American Marketing Association (1985) makes a conclusion of defining marketing as the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing , promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create and satisfy individual and organizational objectives and UKs Chartered Institute of Marketing(1996) defines the marketing as the management process of planning, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. In general, these two definitions focus on the transaction approach in marketing rather than relationship marketing, which the latter one plays a more important role in nowadays marketing approach. As supported by Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrongs (2007, p.5), marketing definition is the process of creating value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. This is also the reason of choosing customers marketing and relationship marketing as the main contemporary approach to discuss in latter parts of this article. After the figure out the definition of marketing, then it seems necessary to draw a clear picture of what marketing mix refers to, for the reason that many scholars and academic now have different views whether it should be change into 4C, or 4R, or add more Ps. Neil Borden (1975) who may first create the term marketing mix, and made a list of 12 subdivisions as the components within marketing mix, which can be divided into 4 categories, namely, consumer attitudes and habits, trade attitudes and methods competition and government control. as explicated by Baker (2007, p.328). He also discusses many types of classifying the elements of marketing mix, for examples the Albert Freys two dimensions (1961), threefold classification of Lazer and Kelley (1975) and Lazer et al (1973) and a four-way classification of Lipson and Darling (1971), but he prefers the idea of 4Ps-product, price, place and promotion as refer to marketing mix, which firstly proposed by McCarthy (1978). As Baker (2007) points out the 4Ps model simplifies the way to make a clear structure as a whole for marketing managers and guide them to achieve a certain task. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2007) define the marketing mix as the set of controllable, tactical marketing tool s (p.50), in order to get the feedback of the certain markets, and regard the 4Ps as marketing mix. Moreover, according to David Jobber (2001), The strength of the 4Ps approach is that it represents a memorable and practical framework for marketing decision-making and has proved useful for case study analysis in business schools for many years. Therefore, as 4Ps-product, price, place and promotion, are still widely recognized by worldwide scholars as marketing mix, this article will use 4Ps to discuss its relevance of contemporary marketing approach. The Relevance to Customers Marketing The development of the marketing approach and modern technology facilitate the customers to get more chances to be evolved in commercial activities, business communications and collecting data from the internet. Thus, the customer becomes more sophisticated to serve, as E. Constantinides (2006, p.413) illustrates that many researchers agree that modern consumer is demanding, individualistic, involved, independent, better informed and more critical (Capon and Hulbert 2000; Lewis and Bridger 2000). In this case, the marketers need to focus on the individual needs and wants and make the service personalized rather than carrying out the traditional marketing approach as mass marketing. For example, a famous cosmetic band Biotherm makes its products different according to the local markets. A product called corrective make-up base which have four different colors and SPF25 can only be sold in a China. Although it is more related to global marketing, but to some extent, the product is sold based on the local customers need-the skin of Chinese is more sensitive than European country. Another example is Dell Computer Company, which is more concentrate on customizing their products. The company tries very hard to collect as many choices as possible for every single consumer, in order to meet their personalized needs. However, when look into the marketing techniques used by both companies, they all emphasize on customer or consumers needs as the first principles, and it is obvious that marketing mix-product, price, place and promotion, do not contain the element of customer. And according to E. Constantinides (2006), Robins (1991) pointed that 4Ps model of marketing mix concerns the internal elements too much, instead, the external elements such as Customers, Competitors, Capabilities, Company should be also taken into consideration. And Kotler (1984) advocated that as part of marketing strategy, some external and uncontrollable environmental factors are needed to includ e in the marketing mix, namely, Customers Environmental variables Competitive variables. As discussed above, it indicates that, in customers marketing, the markers should think more about how to satisfy their customers, rather than just focus on the product itself. In other words, markers should do something for the customer instead of to them and be more customer-oriented. Today, consumer is no long the one who just buy the mass products, but the one who personalize the products by themselves and even push forward the one companys creativity. Besides, customers marketing requires more consumer interactivity. As argued by Doyle (1994), and Yudelson (1999) in E. Constantinides (2006), that to get higher value is not as the only purpose to consumer, but they also want to affect on the process of communicating. In this case, the 4Ps marketing mix seems not as relevant to the customers marketing as to other marketing, like transactional marketing. The Relevance to Relationship Marketing Evert Gummesson (2008) defines relationship marketing as an approach to develop long-term loyal customers and thus increasing profitability. And he even develops 30R (relationship) to elaborate the core concept-relationship, network and interaction. Gronroos (1994) argues that the 4Ps model marketing mix is much more clinical approach, restrictive and obsolete, which also makes the buyer a passive part rather then an active part as it should be. Patterson andWard (2000) in E. Constantinides (2006, p.417) illustrate that 4Ps Marketing Mix has a clearly offensive character because the strategies associated to the 4Ps tend to be function-oriented and output oriented. In order to solve the problem caused by 4Ps, he advocates the emphasis should be in managing valued customer relationships, and proposes new Cs, namely, Communication Customization Collaboration and Clairvoyance. From the above statement, it is clearly that the limitation of 4Ps marketing mix in relationship marketing. The 4Ps marketing mix is lack of customer orientation, either in interactive communication or in satisfying the consumers needs. Gronroos (1994) even pointed out that the marketing paradigm will eventually shift to relationship marketing rather than marketing mix management. It seems that the function of 4Ps marketing mix in dealing with customers marketing and relationship marketing is limited. It may due to the following reasons: Firstly, marketing mix is mainly coping with transaction marketing, which is product-oriented, as it is focus on mass markets. As Gronroos (1994) demonstrates that 4Ps model was indeed originally developed for consumer packaged goods marketing where transaction marketing is most appropriate. Secondly, marketing mix is as the dominating marketing function in transaction marketing, but just plays a supportive role in customers marketing and relationship marketing. Finally, compare with customers marketing and relationship marketing, in transaction marketing, customers are more sensitive to the price, as the former one may add additional value to the product, to some extent can fulfill other needs of consumers. So does 4Ps marketing mix really irrelevant to contemporary approach to marketing? Not exactly. As the article just picks up two main marketing methods to discuss, so the conclusion is too earlier to draw. However, when Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong (2007) mentioned about the marketing mix, they indicated that it is better to consider the buyers or consumers view, so they advocate 4C-customer solution, customer cost, convenience and communication, should be thought firstly, then build 4Ps on the basis of 4C, in that case, it will be more successful. Besides this, as discussed above that the marketing mix also supports the interactive marketing as in customers marketing and relationship marketing, so in conclusion, 4Ps is still relevant to the contemporary marketing, but at the same time, we should give priority to the customers wants and the peoples needs. Bibliography: 1. AMA Board Approves New Marketing Definition, Marketing News, 1 March 1985. 2. Christian Grà ¶nroos. (1994) From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, Management Decision, Vol.32, No.2, pp.4-20. 3. David Jobber. (2007) Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edition. Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 4. E. Constantinides. (2006) The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 22, Issue 3/4, pp.407-438. 5. Evert Gummesson. (2008) Total Relationship Marketing, 3rd edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 6. Keith Blois. (2000) The Oxford Textbook of Marketing, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 7. McCarthy, E.J. (1960) Basic Marketing, Irwin, Homewood, IL. 8. Michael J. Baker. (2007) Marketing Strategy and Management, 4th edition. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 9. Nicole E. Coviello, Roderick J. Brodie and Hugh J. Munro. (1997) Understanding Contemporary Marketing: Development of a Classification Scheme, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 13, Issue 6, pp.501-522. 10. N.H. Borden. (1964) The concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol.4, June, pp.2-7. 11. Philip Kotler. (1984) Marketing Management: Analysis, planning and Control, 5th edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 12.Philip Kotler, and Gary Armstrong. (2008) Principles of marketing, 12th edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Prentice Hall. 13. Rick Wise and Niren Sirohi. (2005) Finding the best marketing mix, Journal of Business Strategy, Vol. 26, No.6, pp. 10-11. 14. Robins, F. (1991) Four Ps or Four Cs or Four Ps and Four Cs, MEG Conference. 15. Walte van Waterschoot and Christophe Van den Bulte. (1992) The 4P Classification of the Marketing Mix Revisited, Journal of Marketing Vol. 56, No.4, pp.83-93.

Alternative Energy in Homes

Scientists predict that the day is not far off when the traditional energy resources of the world such as oil wells and water resources might some day dry off. This fact has created an acute awareness of finding alternate energy sources.With increasing population and the development of technology, energy is rapidly consumed in countries all over the world. More so in the United States which is one of the most technologically advanced, well developed and industrialized nation. The main source of energy are fossil fuels like crude oil.These are found to trigger global warming. Moreover, these energy sources take a very long time in formation and hence are likely to get scarce over the years. There is a growing demand for energy and as a result the rising trend in crude oil prices is bound to continue. To resolve the problems associated with cost, scarcity and pollution, there is the concept of using alternative energy sources. According to this concept, power is converted from differen t natural sources to produce heat and electricity.Some such alternative energy sources are sunlight, wind, and biomass fuel. Energy is used in homes, businesses, industry, and for traveling and transportation purposes. It has been found that while the industrial sector uses about one-third of the total energy, the residential and commercial sectors combined use about 40 percent of all energy. This includes all types of buildings such as houses, such as houses, offices, stores, restaurants, and places of worship. (Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2005, Washington, DC, July 2006) .A comfortable house in today’s modern society is one that uses lights, air-conditioning, TV, microwave, dishwasher and other appliances. More than half of the energy used for heating in single-family homes is natural gas, about one-fourth is electricity, and one-tenth is fuel oil (heating oil). Using alternative energy sources in homes is likely to reduce the overall ene rgy usage of the nation appreciably. Solar power involves transforming some of the sun’s massive thermal energy into electricity.There are two ways of using solar power as an alternative energy source in houses: photovoltaic (PV), where sunlight is directly converted into electricity via solar cells, and utilizing solarthermal power. In a photovoltaic cell, sunlight falls on a layer of semiconductors which in turn creates an electrical current. This is a proven technology that can be easily used in houses to provide heat and power. Electricity can be produced from solar power by placing solar panels on the roof. These panels consist of photovoltaic cells that can convert sunlight directly into electricity.A modern photovoltaic cell can convert almost 80% of the sunshine into electricity . Moreover, it is interesting to note that electricity that is produced through solar power during the day may be stored in batteries for use in the night. In turbines the sun’s heat ca n be used to convert water into steam and then utilize this steam to running turbines. The turbines in turn can be used to run generators, which produce electricity for the entire alternative energy home. According to Bryan Wong, to heat a home a solar panel can be installed on the roof where water is heated .The hot water is then stored in a big tank which in turn is used for a central heating system and also for hot running water. Another way to heat a home is to use solar collectors. The heat from the sun is then stored in specially designed effective collectors. Some of these collectors have shown the capacity to heat homes even in the middle of winter. The Solar Home Lighting system is a fixed installation designed for domestic application . The system comprises of Solar PV Module (Solar Cells), charge controller, battery and lighting system (lamps & fans).The solar module is installed in the open on roof/terrace – exposed to sunlight and the charge controller and batter y are kept inside a protected place in the house. The solar module requires periodic dusting for effective performance. Jeff Gilbert has found that the solar attic fan harnesses solar power to create electricity that will cool the attic by removing the same heat. The kit includes a 40-watt solar panel, a thermostat / controller and a 12-volt DC powered 11†³ diameter fan .The biggest barriers to increasing solar power generation are the cost, and the intermittent nature of the energy source. Solar power is likely to become more popular if technology can usher in cheaper PV cells and solar-thermal energy. Solar energy is much easier to use in the city area and so it is highly applicable for usage in Atlanta, Georgia. The roof solar-panels that are needed can be placed on the roof out of sight. Wind power is another powerful alternative energy source. To use wind power a windmill-type device can be installed on the house or nearby.The wind-mill powers a turbine that can be used to generate electricity. Just like in the case of solar power, wind power can be stored in batteries. Windmills have been used for the past few centuries and initially they were used to mill grain and pump out water from large beaks or lakes to gain land . Today windmills are used in homes to run small generators for home owners. These generators produce electricity to be used in running small home appliances. It would not be possible for using windmills within the city area because windmills generally need a lot of space.They are a few meters in diameter and fairly high. However, small-scale building-integrated wind turbines suitable for urban locations are currently being developed and will be available to install in homes and other buildings within the next few years. Hydropower can be tapped by using the power of running water to run generators. These generators in turn can store electricity which can be used for running the home appliances. This technique is also used in the past where waterwheels were used to grind grain into flour, just like windmills.But like the windmills this form of alternative energy is not feasible to use in the city area. The fourth technique is biogas. Biogas is produced naturally via the decomposition of different biomass. Biomass refers to plant matter, such as plants, trees, grasses, agricultural crops, and animal manure. Farmers can successfully use this method to produce biogas. The biogas can be used for heating to home or can even be used to cook. This form is also not common to use inside the city area. It is best used in houses closer to farms or within farms.Currently the most economical type of biomass for generating energy comes from residues, organic byproducts of food, fiber and forestry including sawdust, rice husks, wheat straw, corn stalks and bagasse (sugar cane residue). Chicken manure is also becoming an important fuel for generating electricity from biomass. In some cases, especially where the cost of biomass is very low, it is co-fired with a fossil fuel, such as coal, to lower the overall cost of the electricity produced. Currently, cofiring is the most economical form of electricity generation that is used in alternative energy homes .The typical American household spends about $1,400 annually on heat and electric utilities. Due to this huge cost, across the US some 185,000 households have switched from the local power company to their own homegrown, renewable energy. People are learning to heat their homes with a wood-burning stove. Wood burning stoves work on the principle of radiant heat coming directly off the stove. These stoves provide heat by having an electric motor blow the heat produced by the burning pellets into the room the stove is in much the same way a furnace would blow heat through ductwork.The fumes from pellet- and corn-burning stoves are typically vented directly through an exterior wall to the outside. Liquid propane is also used in some houses to run water heate r, dryer, and stove . At Belmont Avenue, Salvador Lamas the owner of the Taco Burrito King, decided to go solar when he found he was paying hard to heat 500 gallons of water every day. He installed solar panels on the roof of his Belmont Avenue building, and soon saved money by heating water directly with solar thermal. He also uses solar power to wash and cook vegetables. As a result, he saves close to $2,000 a month (Pink, 2005).A panel of state officials, utility executives, environmental advocates, business leaders and academics have been working on the issue of finding alternative energy for the state of Georgia. The Governor's Energy Policy Council has recently published a report that lays out the importance of taking a leadership role on alternative fuels. The report from the governor's council recommends that Georgia should â€Å"go native† by investing intelligently in untapped energy resources readily available in our own backyard. Among the most promising and profi table resources on the horizon are (Harris, 2006) :†¢ Trees and timber products. Georgia has many thousands of acres of pine trees that can provide the raw material for cellulosic ethanol, a type of biofuel that burns more cleanly than conventional fossil fuels. Ethanol derived from timber products requires less energy to manufacture than ethanol derived from corn. †¢ Biogas: Georgia's livestock and poultry could also prove a plentiful source of biogas, another renewable fuel. Animal wastes can be treated in special digesters that create methane gas, which in turn can be used to generate a cleaner form of electricity without adding to greenhouse gases.The main drawback in using alternative energy sources for home purposes is that one needs to invest in equipment to convert these sources into the energy needed. Thus while the price of an alternative energy home will be high, it must be noted that the expenses for such a home will be reduced. This would be an ideal home in w hich there is greater market value and reduced costs of living. The alternative energy home is the future in many ways. Bibliography: Pink H. Daniel. The New Power Generation. Wired Magazine. Issue 13. 05 May 2005. http://www. wired. com/wired/archive/13.05/solar. html? pg=2&topic=solar&topic_set= Wong, Bryan (2006). Are Alternative Energy Homes the Future? http://www. energyefficienthomearticles. com DIY (2006). Solar powered Attic Fan. http://www. diynetwork. com/diy/he_diagnostics/article/0,2037,DIY_13893_2277472,00. html EIA (2007). Uses of Energy in Homes. http://www. eia. doe. gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/residence. html GEDA (2003). Solar Home Light System. http://www. geda. org. in/solar/so_slr_hmlight. htm Radisson, Elizabeth (2007). Wood burning and Pellet Burning Stoves. http://www. energyefficienthomearticles.com/Article/Wood-Burning-and-Pellet-Burning-Stoves/1802 Harris V. Lyle. Our Opinion: Georgia can be energy pioneer. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Published on 01/2 1/07. http://www. ajc. com/search/content/opinion/stories/2007/01/21/edenergy0121. html Sarah E. Douglass. Special Report: Identifying the opportunities in Alternative Energy. https://a248. e. akamai. net/7/248/1856/29de4d06b10347/www. wellsfargo. com/downloads/pdf/about/csr/alt_energy. pdf Bryan Wong. Energy Efficient Homes. http://www. energyefficienthomearticles. com/ezineready. php? id=3906

DuPont

Some tragic events In the asses alerted the public to the devastating effects that a iatrogenic substance can have on a developing fetus, although the drug may be perfectly harmless to the mother. Doctors had prescribed the drug thalidomide for pregnant women as a tranquilizer, but they discovered that the drug caused fetal defects such as missing arms, legs, hands, and feet, in addition to many soft tissue malformations. Fetal defects [191 included both physical and functional alterations, such as the possibility of growth retardation, deformities, behavioral problems, genetic alterations, or a higher than aroma tendency to develop cancer.The Du Pont policy E. L. Du Pont De Memoirs & Co. , the world's largest chemical manufacturer, has long been concerned with chemical toxicity and exposure. Du Pont uses only a small number of hazardous substances – such as lead, aniline, and redistribution – that require special control. Over the years, the company has promulgated sev eral policies dealing with reproductive hazards, particularly one that addressed the problem of fetal damage from chemical exposure.If Du Pont discovers that a chemical is a developmental toxin (toxic to the fetus), the company first uses engineering and administrative procedures to eliminate the risk of exposure or to reduce it to an acceptable level. Engineering procedures: special ventilation equipment administrative procedures: regulation of exposure time, use of protective clothing However, If no â€Å"acceptable exposure level† has been determined or If engineering and administrative procedures cannot reduce exposure to an acceptable level, the Du Pont policy read: â€Å"females of child bearing capacity shall be excluded from work areas†.The feminist organizations protested, Incriminating this policy as a clear form of gender discrimination. They claimed that a considerable number of women are excluded from very well payday jobs, and requested the right for any fertile woman to Du Pont rejected the suggestion that a woman who was appraised of the health risk could then sign a legally valid waiver, because the exclusionary policy was to protect the fetus, not the woman.Under this policy Du Pont stated that â€Å"the waiver of subsequent claims by the female worker would be of no legal significance because the deformed fetus, if born, may have its own rights as a person which could not be waived by [21] the mother. Although some state supreme courts upheld this position, omen's groups continued to view protective exclusion as sex discrimination, especially given the growing evidence that industrial chemicals that can affect a future fetus may also adversely affect the male reproductive system.Du Pont considered the excluded party's sex to be irrelevant, on grounds that the policy's goal is to protect the susceptible fetus. Du Pont noted that â€Å"the complexity of the issue lies in the separate, but not separated, nature of the affected g roups – fetus and females†. Du Pont excluded women only because they are capable of becoming pregnant and bringing the fetus into the workplace. Du Pont regarded the difficulty of determining pregnancy during the early stages, when the fetus is most vulnerable to damage, as a sound reason for the exclusion policy.However, women's advocates continued to view companies such as Du Pont as simply remiss in developing technological solutions for the control of embryologist. A common union complaint is that industry makes the worker safe for the workplace to the point of exclusion, rather than making the workplace safe for the worker and fetus. Management, however, contends that acceptable levels of exposure cannot be achieved using available risk data. 1991 US Supreme Court's decision In January 1981 The New York Times examined a startling development in the nation's workplaces.Fertile women workers were, in increasing numbers, electing to undergo voluntary sterilization rat her than give up high-paying Jobs involving exposure to chemicals that are potentially harmful to a developing fetus. This disclosure precipitated discussion of a new civil rights issue with questions raised about whether a company should be aloud to discriminate against a woman to protect her unborn child, or whether the practice of keeping a woman out of certain well-paying Jobs because she was fertile was simply another form of sex coordination in the workplace.Ten years later, on March 20, 1991, the US Supreme Court decided in the case of Auto Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. [a relatively obscure company, manufacturing car batteries] that employers cannot legally adopt fetal protection policies that exclude women of childbearing age from a hazardous workplace because such policies involve illegal sex discrimination. However, the Supreme Court decision was, in some respects, narrow. It left American corporations in a state of uncertainty about what type of policy would effectiv ely protect fetus from reproductive hazards.

Racism and the Civil Rights essays

Racism and the Civil Rights essays Racism has existed in the United States for hundreds of years. While the issues of racism came to a head in the civil rights era of this country, the issue is still alive and well within many aspects of society. Research shows that Americans are still very influenced by ethnic origin, and that there are still enormous differences in the treatment of people in this country based on race. The President's Initiative on Race, a research organization, has also found that discrimination against groups based on their race still exists today, and still limits the opportunities available to them. This is seen in almost all areas, from the housing market, to employment and banking institutions (Diversity Digest, par. 1). While great improvements have occurred, there is still much racism to overcome. As early as the 1860's, the civil rights movement was beginning to slowly take form. With the end of the Civil War, and with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment, which guaranteed protection of citizens, and the Fifteenth Amendment, which barred voting restrictions, the issue of civil rights came to the forefront. Yet the so called "freedoms" gained through the passage of the Amendments were quickly doused by "scientific" ideas that whites were supreme, and by state governments enacting numerous laws to severely restrict suffrage in the South. Through the combination of local, state and federal government, racial segregation began to emerge as a result. In addition, group such as the Klu Klux Klan formed to show white supremacy and began to emerge in both the north and the south, further limiting the freedoms of the African Americans (Sullivan, par. 1-6). By the 1900's, African Americans were virtually eliminated in all forms of government. Most areas in the south had banned African Americans from streetcars, created se...

Hess Law essays

Hess Law essays Hess Law:Work to be done:Find enthalpy change by measuring temperature change of a reaction. The temperature of 200ml water that I poured into the isolator was 23.0C. To that I added 1.97g solid NaOH and let the reaction take place. After a while I measured the temperature to 24.9C rT = 1.9C. The number of mole NaOH is 1.97 40 = 0.049 mol. In this experiment I used 100ml 0.50M acetic acid, and to that I added 100ml 0.50M liquid NaOH. The temperature of the acetic acid was 23C and the temperature of the NaOH was 22C. So the average, and the number I use will be 22.5C. After the reaction the temperature of the solution was 25C, so rT = 2.5C. The number of mole NaOH is 0.50 * .100 = 0.050 mol. In the third reaction I used 200ml 0.25M acetic acid with a temperature of 22.5C, that I added to 2.00g NaOH. The temperature after the reaction was 27C, so rT = 4.5C. And the number of mole NaOH in the reaction was 2.00 40 = 0.05 mol. The same amount NaOH has been used in all three reactions, and the same amount of liquid also, 200ml. In reaction two and three is also the amount acetic acid the same.I can now calculate the enthalpy changes in each case: H = c m T, and since the same mass has been used, and since I can use the same c in all three cases H = 0.84 T (c = 4.2, m = 0.200g) According to Hess Law you should be able to calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction which is the sum of two (or more) reactions with known enthalpy change, so:NaOH(s) NaOH(aq) (1) NaOH(aq) + HCl NaCl + H2O (2) NaOH(s) + HCl NaCl + H2O (3) and we can also see that rH3 - rH2 rH1 ...

Discussion - Pandemics and Epidemics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - Pandemics and Epidemics - Essay Example Since then, various different types of H1N1 viruses have been causing pandemics across globe. It is caused by virus which spread fast. It can be spread by coughing or sneezing and therefore everyone is at risk. The major methods used for prevention is keeping nose and mouth covered with disinfectant cloth. It is advisable to keep indoor when pandemics occur. Schools are closed and avoid going to public places where one is more at risk. Anti vital drugs are also used during influenza pandemics which help to cope with disease. During pandemics, it is important that you build up your resistance through proper eating and nutritious intake of vitamins. Lots of boiled and filtered water should be taken. Indeed, total mortality rates of pandemics have huge adverse impact on population and health initiatives must be planned for such eventualities so that advance knowledge can restrain its spread to some

Importance of supervision in the workplace Research Paper

Importance of supervision in the workplace - Research Paper Example This small restaurant is among the favorite restaurants frequented by students from Fordham University. The menu comprises of snacks, entrees and drinks. This restaurant is unique as a buffet is located near the entrance whereby workers are line up with the main objective of providing quality service to the restaurant’s daily customers. A burrito bar is adjacent to the buffet. This burrito bar has all the items needed to make a burrito or a sandwich. The room adjacent the burrito bar towards the interior holds a machine packed with fountain beverages .This room also contains the soup and salad bar. The restaurant also contains a dining room with a table put near the register that acts as a resting place for the workers during breaks. The dining room holds three television sets with one connected near this table. It is also important to assert that the observations were performed in this area. Observation My observation for this report took four days to complete. The first thre e days of the observation were done with the absence of the head supervisor, Kimberly. Observation on the fourth day was done in the presence of Kimberly. This is attributed to the fact that Kimberly was on vacation on the first three days of the observation. Kimberly is an African American female aged twenty nine. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in Food Science, Nutrition, and Dietetics. The observation included taking notes on the different jobs as well as the special tasks that the employees were expected to carry out. The observation elucidated many jobs including cooks (four), entree servers (two), floor cleaners, pizza servers (one), salad bar runner (one), burrito makers and servers (two), cashier (one), dish washers (four), food runner (one), and student managers (eight). The work of the food runner involved transporting food from downstairs to upstairs. Gender roles As may be expected the jobs are distributed differently among the sexes. Serving and distributing food i s for the females. For instance, only females serve entree and burritos. Their job involves cutting food in distinct ways that are catching to the eyes due to their improved appearance. Mary and Jane, both from African origins were the experts in serving entree and burritos. Mary is twenty seven years old and a Kenyan while Jane is a twenty nine lady from Ghana. Both Mary and Jane have finished three years courses in catering and have both worked in this restaurant for one year. It is therefore hard to find a man serving and distributing food. On the other hand, males are involved in jobs necessitating lifting. For instance beverage worker are males are they are capable of lifting bags of syrup that are used in fountain beverage machines. Other roles associated with men include food runners since the task calls for heavy lifting at times. The floor jobs are also usually for men as they involve a lot of sweeping, moping, and lifting heavy garbage bags. One of the most respected clean er was George, a Mexican. George is forty years old, married, and a father of three. He is heralded as being one of the most behaved workers in the restaurant and has worked there for eight years. Therefore, gender roles seem to play an important aspect in deciding the duties of each and every employee. As asserted by Jeffrey and Streicher, â€Å"