Book of Daniel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Book of Daniel - Research Paper Example The Commencing of counting according to the text is in the year 458 BC, which is the seventh year of the King Artaxerxes of Persia. The king, during this year, issues an order that Ezra begins his journey to Jerusalem on the first day of the first month. According to  current calendars, it would be 8th of April1. The beginning of the Christian The Christian era began soon after 457 years and nine months of this time. At around the time of 26 AD, John the Baptist  starts his assigned ministry and he baptizes Jesus who later the same year began his ministry too. The prophecy dictates that the Messiah or the anointed one’s killing would be on the seventieth week or after three and a half years. During this time, the city and the temple of Jerusalem would face destruction. Daniel was a captive of Babylon since 606 BC before he came an understanding that the captivity would last 70 years while reading Jeremiah’s prophecies. As Daniel was praying for the restoration and r edeeming of his people, the Angel of the Lord came to him and made it clear the exact time of the long- awaited Messianic Kingdom. The following is a detailed verse-to-verse, word-to-word explanation of the prophecy of the coming of the Messiah2. Verse 24 states that, â€Å"Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and  thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to end of sins, and to make reconciliation for iniquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to seal up the vision and prophecy, and anoint the most holy.† The verse specifically reveals that time of accomplishment of the prophecy is 70 weeks. The number seventy is very symbolic in this text and not just a number. First, seventy is a multiple of ten and according to Genesis 31:7 signifies completeness. Secondly, seven is a number that signifies divine perfection as stated in Genesis 2:3. The punishment of sin being the suffering for 70 years and response to Peters question on Forgiveness that we s hould forgive until 70 times is a major theme in this verse. It is clear that transgression and sin will be common until the emergence of the Messianic Kingdom. According to the Hebrews, the word week meant years or weeks of days (Shabuim Yomim). Therefore, seventy weeks meant 70 times 7 or 490 years until fulfilment. Only Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled the prediction of a holy ruler in a perfect kingdom. His own people or those of the Anointed One (Acts 10:38) and the Holy one are his children, and the fruit of his travail on the cross. Through free justification by Grace and anointment under the new covenant, they become just as righteous as he is (I John 3:5-7). The spotless Lamb slain before the world began (Revelation 13:8), who from the beginning to the end of this world, all sin-ended, reconciliation and atonement achieved, Abraham rejoiced on seeing (John 8:56). According to Hebrews 3:1 the holy brethren or otherwise referred to as saints in Romans 1:7 comprise the true temple of God (I Corinthians 3:16, 17) that is also the body of Christ according to Ephesians 1:22 and 233. Coming of Messiah In verse 25, â€Å"Know, therefore, and understand, that from the going forth of the commandment to restore and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks: the street shall be

The vulnerable stage Essay Example for Free

The vulnerable stage Essay Considering that young adults in the developmental stage is considered by Kolberg to be in transition from level I to II, and that it is in this stage skills in consensus and social communication is in a rapid stage of development. Conceptual of relative social orders either accepting or rejecting conventions is becoming apparent. True there is level III which is abstraction and definition of universal principles such justice and ability to identify possible social changes, this may or may not occur. There may be a rejection but without an appropriate abstract conceptualization appropriate to the level and conflicts are not thoroughly processed. In effect we can see a cross road in a young adult’s social path or gaining of experiences. One path leads to the social integration along the moral stages as described by Kolberg and a path of rejection and hence alienation from the social mainstream. Deciding to do something as drastic as suicide is not only due to alienation which is the first risk situation but could be reinforce by experiencing someone close committing suicide or what could be a manifestation of Bandura’s modeling. We take note that if two situations combined could result to greater alienation, e. g. losing someone means minus one in the primary grouping to which an individual belong, which could result to greater alienation. There is also observation such as history of mental illness which could be taken as indicator of a possible high risk but nonetheless, strong primary group support could make the recovery less painful, lesser stigma. The nature of primary groups of adolescent also shows some strain, family values or social perspectives also changes and peers as it suggest were also adolescents with their characteristic grappling for their own sense of inner and social order into which they could model their life. The youth is a transition stage, of differentiation to individual inclinations and most important they could be open to ideas which may be far out or improper at their level of psychological and emotional maturity. The Internet explodes information and opened up access even to the young but without supervision or social processing involving the previous generation. Thus the youth are exposed to for example, pornography, violence and other beliefs and concepts which may not be appropriate to capacity of the youth to process in their own. We take note that ratiocinative amplifiers of aids to thinking included ideas, beliefs, concepts or ways which are open for experimentation by the youth. In such an open knowledge societies, the model or reference groups are necessarily fluid. It could be argued that attaining stage 4 of level II in Kolberg’s moral stages model may strengthen the individual enough as stage 3 of living according to certain ideals or consensus requires certain level of intellectual and emotional maturity hence a higher level of abstract conceptualization and possibly greater appreciation and usage of the amplifiers to become a more productive individual. But regression is possible especially in extreme social cases and exacerbated by the lack of support system. What is clear at this time is there are social factors which prevents formation of risk situations and there are factors which encourages self annihilation.

Essay examples --

Our business will not be able to compete with the other competitors without building a website. We will need to hire personal, such as software engineer and net developer or outsource the task. To create, develop and keep up to date all the software and website. The website will of course have all our contact information, description of services we offer. In addition it will have a feature which allows our future customers to get a quote by filling in some information such as the type of services they want, type of course, country delivered, number of days, number of attendees and language needed. When the information is complete we will provide an approximate cost for the services required. In addition, the developer will take care of the software that will be used to translate, schedule our trainings, and organize all the data and training information. So having employees within the company taking care of our website is crucial. Content: All the trainings, translating and services we will provide will need content .We will purchase data about the countries and languages we are targ...

Communication in care settings

This piece of work is about two main theories and they are Tuckman's theory and Egan's theory (SOLER). Also the effects of communication on care workers and service users. This will be explained in more detail. Communication cycle- is very important in our lives, there are lots of ways to communicate nowadays and the list becomes bigger each day. There are lots of ways to communicate but the main structure of the cycle is still the same as it was. First it's you express yourself then you listen and hear, then they express ones feelings then they listen and hear. And then it goes round like a cycle. http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Skills/pack/enc.html Tuckman's theory- This stage was developed in 1965's and the last stage was added in the 1970's. There are 5 stages and they are forming, storming, norming, and performing. Forming is when the individual themselves is very nervous, scared to show their real feelings so they may just agree with someone to kind of ‘make them happy'. In this stage the individual doesn't show their personality as they may not feel comfortable round others in their group. http://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm The second stage is storming at this stage the individual start to show their real feelings and their personality starts to show. This is because they start to relax and be comfortable around others in their group. Also others in the group may start to have conflict were they have different opinions about ideas, and they don't agree on others about their ideas. The third stage is norming at this stage individuals start to relax and become more comfortable around others in their group. Also it's when they get ideas to together and agrees on one, and individuals then start to know what is accepted from them and start to get on with what they have to do within the group. The fourth stage is when all individuals in the group know what their role is in the group and start to work towards their own goals. Then they work together to get the task finish that was set.Sentence and Verbal Communication The fifth stage and the last stage was added after in 1977 and that was called adjourning is when the tasks is finished with a positive outcome, and then the group breaks up and everything has been fulfilled, and they all move on with a happy attitude with what has been achieved. http://www.businessballs.com/tuckmanformingstormingnormingperforming.htm Scenario: To make the individual benefit from this theory would be by making sure the individual is introduced in the group session that he goes to and that he feels comfortable in the environment. This theory may not be beneficial for all individuals it depends on the situation and if it suits them for example some that has learning difficulties as they may not be able to handle being in a group of people at one time, also people that have mental health problems. Open posture is when you body shows that you are listening to the service user. Showing that you are interested in the conversation, also it can show that you care about them. Also things like putting your arm around the service user by showing that you care and that you are there to listen and comfort them. This can put a bond between you and your social worker. Tone- the tone of your voice is very important as it affects the way the service user responds to you. Your voice should sound something like: – Clear (able to hear) – Upbeat – Welcoming – Under control – Warm feeling to the voice. http://www.impactcommunicationsinc.com/pdf/nwsltr_2001/ICINwsltrph0106.pdf for example if the care worker's tone is loud and moody and sounds like they're not bothered then the service user will want to get out of the room as they feel that the care worker doesn't care and has no respect. This also can make them feel scared and humiliated as the care worker isn't showing that they care and are bothered about them. But on the other hand it can be that the care worker is talking nicely with a tone that as a warm feeling to it, and that is upbeat and is clear. The service user feels that they are cared for respected for, this makes them want to say and makes them comfortable in the situation so will open up and tell you what's wrong with them also they feel more relaxed and calm. http://psychology.about.com/od/nonverbalcommunication/a/nonverbaltypes.htm Body language/posture- this is important in communication because it can show lots of information through it, as it can show your feelings and your attitude through it. For example: – Arms/legs crossed- this can come across as doesn't want to know, doesn't care, but in different circumstances it can mean that they are scared to open up and can show as an barrier meaning ;don't come to close to me'. – Head down- this can come across as shy, doesn't want to know about the problems issues you have. Also showing no eye contact can be real rod if the service user is talking to the care worker and there's no eye contact can show that you aren't listening to them. And may feel uncomfortable – Nodding- this show that you are listening to the service user and that you understand what they are saying to you. This can make the service user feel reassured that somebody understands them and that they aren't alone.

Got Milk Study Essay

â€Å" Got Milk? † 1. You are the California Mike Processor Board (CMPB) and your advertising agency was the originator of the successful â€Å"got milk? † campaign. Now all milk producers, including your competition are using the same advertising. How might you establish points of difference from your competitors selling milk? * Spread a new kind of portable packaged dairy beverage. It’s mainly made from milk but with fresh taste, which is distinguished from the pure milk. Also, it has many flavors, like peanut, almond, cashew nut, coffee, blueberry, banana, apple and other fruits. Expand â€Å"Got milk? † meaning, added it with â€Å"Got Milk Today? † and â€Å"Just Drinking Milk for Fun†. * Switching consumers’ traditional concepts that â€Å"I should† to â€Å"I want†. The new message aims to remind customers the possibility of â€Å"drinking milk when you just want a drink† instead of regarding milk only as â€Å"a necessity with cereal†, †an accompaniment with cookies and sandwiches† or â€Å"an ingredient in coffee, milkshakes and soup†. * Launching a new campaign to persuade consumers that the new milk beverage can be drunk not only in the breakfast, but also in any occasions people want to have a drink. Also, this kind of new dairy drink is suitable for any age, not specific for the youth or children. * Expand the distribution channels that consumers can easily access to this dairy beverage, especially in the restaurant, fast food chains, convenient stores, vender machine, etc. 2. Create your â€Å"brand image† of milk. What are the key associations of milk in the minds of consumers and how have you arrived at your answer? * Our brand image is â€Å"Got Milk For Fun Today! †, which means consumers can drink this dairy beverage anytime and anywhere, when they want to drink something, as the same as they want to drink sodas, juice, coffee, tea or hot chocolate. The new California dairy beverage is made from milk containing rich calcium and protein, which is healthier than sodas; it is more tasty than milk itself since it has been made into various flavored beverages; and it has convenient bottled-package as other beverages which can be drunk in the fancy restaurant, at school, in the gym, in driving-car, even in a bar. * According to the UDIA national consumer survey results, most people think milk is a healthy drink, a good source of calcium, a need for youth, as well as adults. And usually people drink milk when they eat breakfast with cereal, lunch with sandwiches, dinner with family meal. In a word, people are seldom â€Å"willing† to drink milk itself and few people would think of milk as beverage outside home. * Therefore, we want to change the â€Å"serious food† image into a kind of â€Å"entertainment† with the idea â€Å"Drink Milk for Fun†. We attempt to impress consumers that this flavored healthy dairy beverage is also can drink outside when you talk with friends, walk to somewhere, dine out with family, etc. The â€Å"end-users health benefits of milk† are just moderately motivation, but â€Å"have fun† can be a more effective motivator. We want to build up a new connection between fluid dairy and consumers’ interests in our brand image to remind consumers that milk is not a â€Å"forgettable† beverage in everyone’s life. 3. What is more important for the successful long—term growth of milk, â€Å"brand performance† or â€Å"brand imagery† and why? * â€Å"Brand performance† describes how well the product or service meets customers’ more functional needs. * â€Å"Brand imagery† depends on the extrinsic properties of the product or service, including the ways in which the brand attempts to meet customers’ psychological or social needs. * Brand imagery is more important for the long-term success of milk growth. * Since milk is a kind of product which owns high awareness among end-users, everyone knows it’s healthy, but it doesn’t mean that they have desire to consume it, especially for its old-fashion and serious image. Therefore, it’s more important for us to change the traditional brand imagery in customers’ mind, especially the purchase and usage situations. As most customers consume milk only with other food and only at home for breakfast, to increase the purchase and consume of milk, the first thing is to increase the possible occasions for milk consume in customers’ mind. * In addition, customers know milk’s brand performance well, so it won’t be that helpful for long-term growth if we focus on the functional needs. However, consumers who are high â€Å"self-monitors† and sensitive to how others see them are more likely to choose brands whose personalities fit the consumption situation. So it’s more effective to advertise psychological and social needs, to establish the associations with â€Å"fun†, and provide customers with fresh feelings and ideas about milk, like what â€Å"Got Milk? † have done years ago. 4. What are the Points of Parity and the Points of difference for milk versus other beverages consumed at breakfast? * Since there are various beverages, we discuss the parity and difference based on the different kinds of beverage. * Point of Parity of milk versus other beverage: Fruit juice, coffee, tea & Milk: necessary for people at breakfast Fruit juice & Milk: contain rich nutrition. Coffee, tea & Milk: various flavors * Point of difference of milk versus other beverages: First, milk is a necessity with cereal and some other food in the breakfast. Unlike fruit juice, milk can be an ingredient in the morning coffee and tea. Second, it’s a healthy benefit for growth and good source of calcium, which cannot be replaced by any other beverage. In addition, comparing with addiction to caffeine by drinking coffee, milk drinking for years only benefits people’s health. Last but not least, milk is relatively cheaper than other beverage. 5. The â€Å"Got milk? † advertising campaign in some form has run for over ten years. What can the California Milk Processors Board do to keep the message and strategy fresh in the consumer’s minds? * In this more than-ten year campaign, the â€Å"Got Milk† and â€Å"Milk Mustache† are still fun but not enough to catch consumers’ eyes. No matter how wonderful the â€Å"Got Milk? † campaign is, year after year, people will be fed up with the same message and strategy. * To retrieve the energy of advertising, we deliver some new messages and strategy to bring some fresh air into â€Å"Got Milk? † campaign. Adding the new element â€Å"Drink Milk for Fun† in the â€Å"Got Milk? † means changing the â€Å"milk is as boring as a beverage could possibly be† image in consumers’ minds. As a result, it appeals consumers to keep the interests in consuming more milk. * Engage consumers in the new campaign. Increase consumers’ awareness of drinking more milk by lunching promotion include the free sample-drinking on the downtown street, direct mail with coupon, social activity like dairy fan club etc. * Ultimate goal is to remind consumers to think of milk as a kind of beverage and to drink milk itself, or better, drink more. The new element in advertise will also recall people’s good memory of the â€Å"Got Milk? † in the past.

Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Essays

Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Essays Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Paper Thoreau and Martin Luther King Compared Paper there are three choices: obey them, obey them while working to change them, or transgress them at once. Consequently, both chooses to passively resist the laws they believed that are against their morals, and are prepared to accept imprisonment . The exercise of passive resistance is the basis of the title of Thoreaus work, and King presents several examples of civil disobedience in his letter, including the Boston Tea Party. King not only exercises passive resistance, he also provides the procedure to be followed for any nonviolent campaign. Nonviolence offers a creative outlet for represses emotions which might otherwise result in violence. If King was an extremist, then he was an extremist for love. There were four basic steps in his nonviolent campaign: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustice exist, negotiation, self-purification, and direct actionâ€Å"(King 658). He points out that he has gone through all the steps, and direct action is what brought him to the Birmingham Jail. Recognition of injustice and passive resistance described by both authors is to point out the need of government reformation. Thoreau recommended using direct action to create social tension, thus leading to the reform of unjust laws practiced by the government. He voiced civil disobedience as, â€Å"An expression of the individual’s liberty to create change† (642). Thoreau felt that the government had established order that resisted reform and change. â€Å"Action from principle, the perception and performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary† (643) Thoreau calls for a better government, immediately, and points out that the fastest way to improve government is to Let every man make know what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it (638). He states his views in the following passage: But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Let every man known what kind of government would command his respect, and that will be one step toward obtaining it. (638) King does not directly states the need to reform government, but instead, he states the need to reform the existing social structure, which goes hand in hand with governmental progress. He advocates social equality and racial justice, believing Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds (657), and passively fighting against unjust laws forced upon the minority. Even though Thoreau agreed with King on the issues, he also made contradictory statements directly against what he supported. He wrote If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go†(Thoreau 644), stating that if injustice was inevitable and helped to improve government, then it was justified. Opposed to his passive resistance, he also justified bloodshed as he stated But even suppose blood should flow. Is there not a sort of blood shed when the conscience is wounded? (Thoreau 646). As for improvements to government, he believed That government is best which governs least (Thoreau 637). Thoreau expresses an eagerness to conform to the laws of the land as long as there is no moral principle to be violated. He is willing to obey those who know more than he; yet the authority of the government depends upon the consent of the governed. â€Å"There will never be a really free and enlightened State, until the State comes to recognize the individual as a higher and independent power, from which all it’s own power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly† (654). Thoreau would rather up end in jail than go against his will. The passage, †Your money is your life, why should I haste to give it my money?† (648) illustrates how strongly he felt. Thoreau never rallied hundreds of thousands of people together, violently or nonviolently, to get reactions. Instead, he went to jail to protest and wrote his essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† King took the same idea of direct action to protest the injustices brought upon black Americans in the United States. He used peaceful sit-ins and rallies to unite the black community. These non-violent acts of public speech and action eventually lead to King’s arrest. Here in Birmingham, Alabama he wrote, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham City Jail† telling the clergymen he wanted direct action, which purpose was â€Å"to create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation†(659). Thoreaus writing is vague, and mostly an appeal to the intellect, which sharply contrasted with the writing of King, an appeal to the emotion of the readers. Although both writing made similar points, they are also a sharp contrast of the other and undoubtedly very unique. Both used civil disobedience to change people’s ideas and beliefs to stop the injustice brought against them and their nation. Thoreau and King definitely shared many of the same ideas of how to deal with unjust laws performed by the government. Thoreau didn’t have the legions of followers King did, but he still made a long-term impact. King actually adopted Thoreau’s teachings and ideas of direct action and used them in leading the movement to end racial segregation in the United States. Both men inspired reforms and also much overturning of unjust laws and customs in our country. We, as a society, should look at these two people as heroic figures and learn from their teachings. This will help us better our knowledge of how to use non-violent direct action for future national and international problems we may encounter.

English as a Second Language Among Freshmen Students

English as a Second Language Among Freshmen Students Free Online Research Papers English as a Second Language Among Freshmen Students English is now acknowledged as one of the Philippines’ major language. This is because most of the Filipinos use it in any means of communication to interconnect with other people especially to the foreign ones. And since our generation is excelling, the English language is now taught to students even at an early age. And to give some proofs to the nay says about students speaking the English language, I made a study with the primary concern of their proficiency. This study shows how the freshmen students in the University of Santo Thomas AMV – College of Accountancy respond and retort with their skills in the English language. Through this report, we will be able to know their potency and weaknesses as well as their capabilities with their act of responses. This will also help us realize how rampant English is to students and to the youth. This research work precedence not only to the dexterity of the students but also to all the people concern. I may have used of constricted apprentices but it must not affect our thinking that the effect will only occur to all my respondents. We must also put into our minds that we are all just the same as my novices and all the end products are applicable and pertinent to us. May my research work help us all in understanding the situation of the newly accepted English language and may we all be considerate in expanding its significance to our lives and the lives of the next generations. INTRODUCTION I. Background of the Study Being a college student taking up BS Accountancy in one of the most prestige universities in the Philippines, University of Santo Thomas, I was commissioned to make an inquiry with reference to the English expertise among its students. It has been part of the prospectus to give students this kind of project to be able to arise of explorations that might as well help others in any matter with pertains to the topic. Also, this nature of scheme was given to us not because it is a vital prerequisite to be competent to cease the English program but also to be able to show how well students have implicit the essential rudiments of making a good and effective research paper. Though this project necessitates a lot of work, I concur to the system of giving research papers to apprentices since these will help them amplify their thinking, gain more knowledge and nurture their psyche for noteworthy rationales. And since I was given the chance of making myself renowned in this variation, I am ver y much keen to proffer everything I can to come up with a good research paper and to show not only to my beloved professor but also to my classmates and colleagues that I can make an effective research paper and make myself proud of what the results may be. II. Objectives ? to present a good research paper in relation to the given topic ? to bestow and unravel wholly the statistics heaped during the studies ? to give corroboration to the things in the mentality of the readers concerning only on the topics given ? to elucidate things and give emphasis on things being studied ? to come up with a conclusion to gratify the needs in this research III. Significance This research paper intends to expound fully and logically the attestations and studies needed regarding the given topic entitled â€Å"English as a Second Language among Freshmen in the AMV – College of Accountancy in University of Santo Thomas 2006 and 2007.† This study also aims to give clarifications pertaining to the freshmen’s viewpoint with the English language. With this, I am trying to show how the English vernacular affects students with their studies and everyday life. It is now widely accepted that the foreign language has already been part of our own culture and with this reason, studying with English methodologies are being taught to students even at a very early age. The reason is because our generation is accelerating and we must not wonder if we will one day wake up with a totally different genre than before where we are all speaking the English language. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The Philippines is the third largest English speaking country in the world. It has a rich history combining Asian, European, and American influences. Prior to Spanish colonization in 1521, the Filipinos had a rich culture and were trading with the Chinese and the Japanese. Spain’s colonization brought about the construction of Intramuros in 1571, a â€Å"Walled City† comprised of European buildings and churches, replicated in different parts of the archipelago. In 1898, after 350 years and 300 rebellions, the Filipinos, with leaders like Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo, succeeded in winning their independence. In 1898, the Philippines became the first and only colony of the United States. Following the Philippine-American War, the United States brought widespread education to the islands. Filipinos fought alongside Americans during World War II, particularly at the famous battle of Bataan and Corregidor which delayed Japanese advance and saved Australia. They then waged a guerilla war against the Japanese from 1941 to 1945. The Philippines regained its independence in 1946. Filipinos are a freedom-loving people, having waged two peaceful, bloodless revolutions against what were perceived as corrupt regimes. The Philippines is a vibrant democracy, as evidenced by 12 English national newspapers, 7 national television stations, hundreds of cable television stations, and 2,200 radio stations. METHODOLOGY I. Respondents As a specified requirement, I made use of respondents which are freshmen students only from the University of Santo Thomas AMV – College of Accountancy. And since given with maximum of 10 respondents, I seek help from my fellow freshmen students and they agreed to answer in my ready-made survey. They answered the survey truthfully, which was prepared by my professor and instantly had been distributed to her students during our class meeting. The respondents were all from 1A19 namely Myla Aquino, Catherine Bautista, Inigo Miguel Hinayon, Leon Manalastas, Nikko Relojo, Christian Roxas, Adrian Santos, Jen Solano, Jason Soriano, and Miguel Tuy. And since they are all in one section, it was a relief because I can let them answer the survey altogether which made it a lot easier. They even gave their insights about the research title which I was able to use in maneuver other more information that I can use to have a better outcome of my work. II. Procedure I cordially asked the students, whose names are presented above, to answer the survey I handed them and told them my purpose. They were accommodating in a way that they were never hesitant of helping me do my research paper. I gave them a foreword of the topic so that they will be erudite about it and it may help them to understand more why I study such case. I pledged to the respondents that every answer they committed will not be used against them. All the respondents spent much time in thinking very carefully how well they will answer it as candidly as possible. III. Design The survey is to be answered in a matter of scaling. The respondents have to rate the items from 1 to 5 wherein 1 means â€Å"Poor†, 2 means â€Å"Fair†, 3 means â€Å"Good†, 4 means â€Å"Very Good†, and 5 means â€Å"Excellent†. Through this, I will be able to know how well they have mastered the skills in each scenario cited in every item. This type of experimental design is generally strong in internal validity. Yet, there are some instances wherein other respondents have deleterious effects due to their knowledge of the scenario and how they really face it. Overall, this study can be considered strong with regards to internal validity. Research Papers on English as a Second Language Among Freshmen StudentsStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Low Maintenance Alternatives to Grass

Low Maintenance Alternatives to Grass Grass lawns first appeared in Europe in medieval times, status symbols for the rich that had to be kept trimmed by fairly labor-intensive methods, often by grazing livestock and certainly not by polluting lawn mowers and poisonous weed killers. Lawns actually did not become popular in North America until the middle of the 20th century, but are now as common as the middle-class suburban homes they surround. It Takes Water and Money to Keep Grass Lawns Green Besides hogging public water supplies- over 50 percent of U.S. residential water usage goes to irrigate lawns- a 2002 Harris Survey found that American households spend $1,200 per year on residential lawn care. Indeed, the booming lawn care industry is more than eager to convince us that our grass can be greener- and then sell us all the synthetic fertilizers, toxic pesticides, and leaky lawnmowers to make it so. Groundcover Plants and Clover Require Less Maintenance than Grass Lawns There are many alternatives to a carpet of monochromatic grass for one’s property. A variety of groundcover plants and clover can be used instead, as they spread out and grow horizontally and require no cutting. Some varieties of groundcover are Alyssum, Bishops Weed, and Juniper. Common clovers include Yellow Blossom, Red Clover, and Dutch White, the best suited of the three for lawn use. Groundcover plants and clovers naturally fight weeds, act as mulch and add beneficial nitrogen to the soil. Flowers, Shrubs and Ornamental Grasses Consider using flower and shrub beds, which can be â€Å"strategically located to add color and interest while expanding the low maintenance areas of your yard,† and planting ornamental grasses. Ornamental grasses, many which flower, have numerous benefits over conventional grasses, including low maintenance, little need for fertilizer, minimal pest, and disease problems and resistance to drought. However tempting, though, try to avoid planting invasive plants. Anyway, native plants often require less water and general maintenance. Moss Plants are Another Alternative to Grass Lawns According to David Beaulieu, moss plants should also be considered, especially if your yard is shady: â€Å"Because they are low-growing and can form dense mats, moss plants can be considered an alternative ground cover for landscaping and planted as ‘shade gardens’ in lieu of traditional lawns.† Moss plants do not possess true roots, he points out, instead deriving their nutrients and moisture from the air. As such they like wet surroundings and also soil with a pH that is acidic. The Benefits of Grass Lawns In all fairness, lawns do have a few plusses. They make great recreational spaces, prevent soil erosion, filter contaminants from rainwater and absorb many kinds of airborne pollutants. So you might still keep a short section of lawn, one that can be mowed with a few easy strokes. If you do, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends avoiding traditional synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. The Best Ways to Care for Grass Lawns A number of all-natural alternatives are now widely available at nurseries. Natural lawn care advocates also advise mowing high and often so that grass can out-compete any nascent weeds. Leaving clippings where they land, so they can serve as natural mulch, helps prevent weeds from getting a foothold.

Frivolity of Evil Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frivolity of Evil Article Review - Essay Example Evil is unforced and spontaneous (Dalrymple, 3). Men commit evil by choice and not because someone requires them to do so. A historical proof of this dates back in the 1930s when a man was found guilty of failing to report a political joke to authorities and eventually confronted with the consequence of death or deportation. Today, there is no rule such rule that exists and the government does not require citizens to behave in a particular way. Therefore, evil is freely chosen by the individual. He has the choice to do it or not.Evil is unforced and spontaneous (Dalrymple, 3). Men commit evil by choice and not because someone requires them to do so. A historical proof of this dates back in the 1930s when a man was found guilty of failing to report a political joke to authorities and eventually confronted with the consequence of death or deportation. Today, there is no rule such rule that exists and the government does not require citizens to behave in a particular way. Therefore, evi l is freely chosen by the individual. He has the choice to do it or not. The evolution of government from dictatorship to people welfare-centered further intensified the existence of evil. In this case, Dalrymple used data from his patients to justify his claim. Majority of his patients often went to him with complaints of depression. As Dalrymple believe, everybody has their free wills. Your emotional state does not depend on doctors or any pathological advisers but to your choice of living a life full of happiness or misery.

MGMT670 Week 4 Conf Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT670 Week 4 Conf - Assignment Example A second situation in which SWOT analysis would be useful for the company is to evaluate other companies. A few years ago the firm was looking for a strategic to form a marketing alliance. The executive management team of the company utilized SWOT to evaluate the different partner alternatives. â€Å"SWOT chart can help to uncover opportunities that your company is well placed to take advantage of† (Smith, 2006). A third potential application of SWOT analysis is that it can be used to analyze different locations for international expansion. To fully analyze external opportunities an analyst has to monitor the key macroeconomic forces which are demographic-economic, technological, political-legal, social-cultural (Kotler, 2003). The identification of the strengths of a company can be used to formulate plans and operational procedures to improve the efficiency and profitability of a company. The analytics of opportunities can help an organization gain a competitive advantage. Analyzing the threats of a company is crucial to adequately incorporate a risk management plan. It can also help firms mitigate and resolve problems when they occur through proper strategic planning. Our firm should expand the use of SWOT beyond the executive management team in order to take full advantage of the capabilities and reach of this powerful managerial tool. SWOT analysis is a great tool, but it does have its limitations. For instance the use of SWOT does not provide alternative solutions to managers for specific problems. The analysis is too broad base which hinders the ability of a firm to solve specific problems that are hurting the efficiency, productivity, and profitability of the company. Project management requires the ability of the project managers and his team to prioritize specific issues. The use of SWOT does not help the leader

Evaluate the importance of international trade and Foreign Direct Essay

Evaluate the importance of international trade and Foreign Direct Investment to lift the global economy out of the downturn - Essay Example Moreover, the global nature of the economic crisis has not only had a domino impact on national economies, infrastructure and the retail sector; it has also served as a barrier to quick recovery (United Nations, 2). From a UK perspective, the current financial crisis has reiterated the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) to the UK economy particularly in the current global economic downturn. Indeed, the fact that the UK is currently struggling in its recovery process is further testament to the UK reliance on FDI and international trade (Almond & Ferner: 58) The focus of this paper is to critically evaluate the importance of international trade and foreign direct investment to the lift the global economy out of the current downturn with specific reference to the UK. It is submitted at the outset that international trade and inward investment from FDI is a fundamental cornerstone of the UK economy as it is imperative to the sustainability of the economic strengths of the UK to compete in an increasingly competitive economy as a result of globalisation (Almond & Ferner 58). This argument is further supported if we consider the rationale for the current financial crisis. It is submitted that the immediate trigger was the collapse of the US housing market as a result of the sub prime market disaster upon which the international banking industry had been lending through following trends in the housing market (Ambachtshee et al: 149). Indeed, the United Nations analysis of the global outlook for 2009 asserts that â€Å"in little over a year, the mid-2007 sub-prime mortgage debacle in the United States of America has developed into a global financial crisis and started to move the global economy into a recession† (United Nations 1). Moreover, prior to the sub-prime catastrophe, the significant foreign direct investment in the US and liquidity of the US economy had

Market Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Market Solution - Essay Example The morale of employees is the least in the organization because of the huge scrutiny and investigation by the investment companies, especially the media, public, and most prominently Wall Street. Furthermore, the customer confidence in Classic Airlines is decreasing along with the Rewards program, which saw a nineteen percent reduction in Classic Rewards members and also a twenty one percent reduction in the flights per each member. The rising costs of labor and fuel have jeopardized the success of Classic Airlines as it is unable to compete for the most efficient valued numerous flier miles. The aftermath of 9/11 has led Classic Airlines to see a restrained structure of costs unlike the younger airline companies. Adding to the problems is a fifteen percent decline in the board cost over a period of eighteen months (Classic Airlines, 2007). Most of the best opportunities are a result of dilemmas. Such is the case of Classic Airlines. It has the power to change its problems into profitable opportunities via meticulous changes to the whole scenario; therefore the situation is handled carefully. Classic Airlines should keep in mind all the travelers who need a higher level of personal service as compared to the ones they might expect to get from competitors. The customers can greatly help the airlines to enhance the confidence of the general public. This can easily be done without letting additional costs come in the path of Classic Airlines. Contended customers are the best type of advertisement for each and every organization and is also a base to gain attention of the new customers (Classic Airlines, 2007). Classic Airlines should look into the aspect of refurbishing their Classic Rewards Program by coming into partnership with an airline company to enhance the experience of customers on flight. Such a trail would improve the frequent flyer mile partnership and also the opportunities for purchase, which would then make Classic

Results and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Results and discussion - Essay Example A biofilm structure hinders antibiotic entry to cells, and at the same time, increases oxidative damage, which increases the mutation rate. To show that mutation frequency in response to the antibiotics mupirocin and rifampicin is due to oxidative stress in planktonic and biofilm cultures, Staphylococcal aureus strains SH 1000 and UAMS-1 were grown in media supplemented with hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants. Planktonic cultures that were supplemented with antioxidants did not differ in their mutation frequency. However, the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the growth media significantly increased mutation frequencies under antibiotic selection. The mutation frequencies declined significantly with the addition of antioxidants, together with hydrogen peroxide, to the culture media significantly. Biofilm cultures, that were not treated with oxidising agent, showed high levels of mutation frequencies, equal to that obtained for planktonic culture in hydrogen peroxide alone. In cultures growing in rifampicin selection plates, the bacterial have mutation frequency of 10-5, which was indicative of a mutator phenotype. The increase in mutation frequency indicates defects in the methyl-mismatch repair system during biofilm formation. Similar to planktonic cultures, the addition of antioxidants to the culture media reduced the mutation frequency to levels between 10-7 and 10-8. A bacterial biofilm is a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed within a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix attached to surface (Costerton, Stewart & Greenberg 1999). Bacterial biofilms are present mostly on wet surfaces and are mostly visible to the naked eye. The biofilms consist of microcolonies on a surface and develop into organized communities with functional heterogeneity. Different bacterial species specifically attach to different surfaces and could aggregate with other species or a combination of species. The organization and structure of

Personal masters learning and development Essay - 1

Personal masters learning and development - Essay Example Nevertheless, I did log on to the website on my friend’s recommendation and browsed through the different pages. I was particularly keen to know how the course would help me further my goals in life. I was amazed to see my friend mature into a balanced individual with his own thoughts and perceptions. Academically he had achieved certain heights and he had developed social skills as well. I too am a good communicator and perhaps this University would help me develop my skills further. I browed through the different courses and modules on offer, and well it did frighten me a little initially. I was not too sure whether I could handle it but then, being an optimist, I decided to take up the challenge. To do something in life one has to take certain amount of risks. Moreover, higher the risk, higher the returns, is what we have heard. Besides, the economic downturn has impact all nations and one has to invest in education. This is the right time to do so, I felt. I browsed through some other University sites also but since I had very strong recommendations for this University, I decided to enroll myself here. What particularly impressed me about the University was that it had stude nts from a wide range of backgrounds. This meant that I could interact with people from different backgrounds and cultures, so essential for global management and international management today. Studying a Masters Degree is the only route to an established career. I too realized this and since I had set high goals for myself in the field of management, I knew a Masters Degree was essential. My objective in pursuing a Master’s Degree is to obtain a full time position in the field of accounting that uses my technical, analytical and interpersonal skills, with an employer that provides a challenging work environment and opportunities for advancement. I have done my undergraduate studies in the field of accounting and have practical experience working with several contracting

Results and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Results and discussion - Essay Example A biofilm structure hinders antibiotic entry to cells, and at the same time, increases oxidative damage, which increases the mutation rate. To show that mutation frequency in response to the antibiotics mupirocin and rifampicin is due to oxidative stress in planktonic and biofilm cultures, Staphylococcal aureus strains SH 1000 and UAMS-1 were grown in media supplemented with hydrogen peroxide and antioxidants. Planktonic cultures that were supplemented with antioxidants did not differ in their mutation frequency. However, the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the growth media significantly increased mutation frequencies under antibiotic selection. The mutation frequencies declined significantly with the addition of antioxidants, together with hydrogen peroxide, to the culture media significantly. Biofilm cultures, that were not treated with oxidising agent, showed high levels of mutation frequencies, equal to that obtained for planktonic culture in hydrogen peroxide alone. In cultures growing in rifampicin selection plates, the bacterial have mutation frequency of 10-5, which was indicative of a mutator phenotype. The increase in mutation frequency indicates defects in the methyl-mismatch repair system during biofilm formation. Similar to planktonic cultures, the addition of antioxidants to the culture media reduced the mutation frequency to levels between 10-7 and 10-8. A bacterial biofilm is a structured community of bacterial cells enclosed within a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix attached to surface (Costerton, Stewart & Greenberg 1999). Bacterial biofilms are present mostly on wet surfaces and are mostly visible to the naked eye. The biofilms consist of microcolonies on a surface and develop into organized communities with functional heterogeneity. Different bacterial species specifically attach to different surfaces and could aggregate with other species or a combination of species. The organization and structure of

Cover Letter for a Residency Program in Family Medicine Essay

Cover Letter for a Residency Program in Family Medicine - Essay Example I am confident that my combination of practical work experience and reliable educational background has prepared me for making an immediate impact on large public hospitals. Having worked in leading international hospitals in the health care, I am highly skilled in various clinical procedures and understand the level of professionalism and communication that should be displayed for the long-term success in the medical area. My background and professional approach to treatments made me responsible, punctual and extremely organized. During these years of high competition I developed leadership qualities with skills to motivate employees around me. I have proved my abilities to successfully carry out managerial tasks and actively react to emergency situations. I believe that I can be of significant and valuable contribution to the Canadian Medical facility as a physician. I hope that my professional dedication and hard-working attitude will serve the healthcare need and will provide the community with the respected health support.

Jude the Obscure Essay Example for Free

Jude the Obscure Essay According to philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, religion is a â€Å"falsehood. † The implications of the â€Å"death of God† addressed by Nietzsche are portrayed through the characters and the plot itself of the novel Jude the Obscure written by Thomas Hardy. Nietzsche believes that religion has influenced and distorted the value of truth, the influence of morality, and the need for worship, leading people down a path of wandering. The main character in the novel, Jude, experiences many troubles throughout his life, which stem from uncertainty of his beliefs and desires. Religion seems to be the light Jude should follow, but it is actually an illusion, which leads to a falsehood of truth and meaning, morality, and the church. Friedrich Nietzsche believes that everything that made sense with God no longer exists and religion has led to the death of truth and meaning. This is a common theme in Jude the Obscure. Throughout the book, Hardy displays the feeling that religion is something that people use to satisfy themselves by giving their lives meaning. This is apparent in the main character Jude, who is an orphan constantly searching to give himself an identity. Jude gravitates towards people or places hoping to give his life meaning. His relationship with Mr. Phillotson led him to follow a religious path, believing it will help him add meaning to his life. Jude is illustrated as a wanderer, similar to those who are on the path of religion, wandering from place to place to find work and searching for his own identity. Hardy uses this allusion to convey that a religious path does not provide one true destination, but rather it leaves people wandering. The concept of morality and distinguishing between what is good and evil often causes angst and anxiety among people. Religion creates a battle of guilt and uncertainty. Throughout the novel, Jude is battling with his religious views and his deepest desires, wanting to be religious like his mentor but also fulfill his desire to stay with Sue. The guilt Jude felt about his longing to be with Sue led him to leave the church. These feelings of guilt caused Jude to move away from the Church and â€Å"betray† God, as he states, â€Å"The Church is no more to me (Hardy 237). † Religion produced a falsehood of emotions that only left Jude dissatisfied with his thoughts and actions. Religion forms an image of an attainable ideal world, but this ideal vision rejects reality. Within the novel, Jude sees in Christminster an attainable, ideal world, similar to the one people see in the Church, heaven. Hardy uses biblical references that lead readers to make a connection between the Church and Christminster. Jude sees Christminster as â€Å"the city of the light† and â€Å"a place he had likened to the new Jerusalem (Hardy 22). † Jude sees Christminster as a place where he desires to fulfill his hopes and dreams, but this wonderful world exists only in Jude’s imagination. Jude runs to religion to escape his problems and what he had hoped to achieve in Christminster was unfulfilled. His love, Sue, left him for the one who brought him to religion, and he was not accepted to any of the colleges he had desired to attend. Like Hardy, Nietzsche explains that religion and the church create a false illusion of the world, which is actually filled with many letdowns. When religion is gone and God is dead, all that is left is the love we have for one another and ourselves. Jude’s tribulations throughout the novel are linked to his internal battle of emotions towards religion and his desires. Religion is a falsehood that leads to wandering down a path towards an unattainable ideal world. Religion creates one value of truth, but according to Nietzsche and Hardy, there isn’t one single truth and it is impossible to judge the values and correctness of one group. The judgment and hypocrisy Jude felt in the novel led him down a path of unhappiness and emptiness. Jude’s realization at the end of the novel correlates with Nietzsche view on religion; one must choose his own path because when God is dead, all that is left is the individual perspective on reality.

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and Discrimination

Anti-Italian American Prejudice and Discrimination Mezzogiorno Nearly three-fourths of all Italian immigrants to the United States came from the southernmost provinces of Italy. Known as Il Mezzogiorno, it was the countrys most impoverished region, with the illiteracy rate at a staggering 70 percent in 1900, and longstanding oppression from Italys Northern-dominated government. Southern Italian economy relied on agriculture, but natural disasters of volcano eruptions and earthquakes in the early 20th century devastated what little cultivatable land there was (Mintz, 2007). Unable to sustain tolerable living conditions, most became migrant workers. Between the years of 1876 and 1924, nearly 5 million Italians arrived in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). About one-fourth remained in New York City, while more than half settled in the middle Atlantic states and New EnglandMany Italian immigrants had no plans of establishing permanent homes in the United States. Most were young men who left behind their wives and children with hopes of brief absenc e-they would find employment, collect their pay, and return home. They lived prudently in conditions that were regarded as intolerable by ordinary American families (Mintz, 2007). Commonly working unskilled jobs in construction and public development, roughly half of the Italian immigrant population in the early 1900s was made up of manual laborers (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009). Although the United States appealed to emigrating Italians as the best prospective destination to find work, Gambino (2002) asserts that American industry sought immigrants to replace the emancipated slave class. Many Italian immigrants in the North took positions in sweatshops and factories, while others were recruited to work on Southern plantations where slave labor had since been abolished (LaGumina, 1999). However, those in larger urban areas often found dominance in skilled artisan trades they had once practiced in Italy, such as shoemaking, tailoring, and barbering (Pozzetta, 2008). Th ough still generally confined to a lower class, many Italian immigrants found solidarity in highly concentrated ethnic neighborhoods (Mangione Morreale, 1993). Little Italies The emergence of Little Italies was prompted in large part by the intolerance and hostility that Italian immigrants faced in mainstream American society (Pozzetta, 2008). A working class minority that was defined by some as not quite white (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2009), or the missing link between black and white (Borsella, 2005), they often faced discrimination in housing opportunities. Italian immigrants themselves were slow to seek assimilation because traditionally, la famiglia (the family) and lordine della famiglia (the rules of behavior and responsibility to the family) came before any affiliation with a larger-scale community (Mintz, 2007). This resistance began to fade as subsequent generations strayed from the strict codes of their parents. With the dawn of World War II, more than 500,000 Italian Americans served in the U.S. military, proving to many that their loyalties to the country were strong. By the 1950s it seemed that Italian immigrants, now secure i n identifying as Italian Americans, had found a true home in the United States (Pozzetta, 2008). Anti-Italian prejudice however, though less pronounced, still endured. Dating back to the early 20th century and the apex of the groups immigration, society and popular culture have attached a number of stereotypes to Italian Americans. Arguably the most distinctive stereotype is that of association with La Cosa Nostra, or the American Mafia (Pozzetta, 2008). Released in 1972, the critically-acclaimed and wildly popular film The Godfather became the archetype of Hollywoods Mafia movie industry, depicting Italian Americans as ruthless criminals, a label that had long vilified their ethnic identity. Many Italian Americans, after having fought the stereotype for decades, came to embrace the Mafia image that had captivated American moviegoers and provided a highly profitable new avenue for filmmakers. The 1990s introduced the film Goodfellas (1990) and the television series The Sopranos (199 9), both of which reinforced the hardcore gangster image (Borsella, 2005). Other predominant Italian American stereotypes in film and television often still include the feisty young woman with a taste for gaudy fashion, the lovable womanizer, and the overweight matriarch with excessive jewelry and a pot of spaghetti (Pozzetta, 2008). Nonnina Although I identify more with American culture in my everyday life, I do embrace my Italian American heritage.In some sense, I connect with my roots in an Americanized way, and I have no problem in laughing at the some of the stereotypes that accompany it. A few mob movies are actually among my favorites. Though I know authentic Italian cuisine, I do enjoy eating at Olive Garden and ordering deliveries from Pizza Hut once in a while.I still call my grandmother Nonni, which is short for nonnina, a term affectionately meaning little grandmother.

Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Faults of Pride and Prejudice

The Faults of Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we investigate the themes, characters and setting of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice in an effort to find faults of logic, we must first recognize that the entire work is a fault of logic because Austen's world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice.   This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like Wuthering Heights, there is no deeply passionate love displayed in this novel, no horrific consequences of being left without an annual inheritance, and even the alleged villains of the piece, like Wickham, are sprinkled with enough of the milk of human kindness as to almost make them preferable over some of the non-villains in the work.   Psychologically, this type of mixed-trait character portrayal is realistic of reality because human development occurs as a continual process, one filled with both flaws and successes of c haracter behavior.   Richard Simpson (289)   explicates this point further in his essay, The Critical Faculty of Jane Austen:    Wickham, the modified villain of Pride and Prejudice, has so much charm about him that his sensible and epicurean father-in-law is almost disposed to like him better than his other and more honorable sons.   Miss Austen has a most Platonic inclination to explain any knavishness into folly.   Wickedness in her characters is neither unmixed with goodness, nor is it merely a defect of will; she prefers to exhibit it as a weakness of intelligence, an inability of the commonsense to rule the passions which it neither comprehends nor commands.   It is her philosophy to see not only the soul of goodness in ... ...rratic behavior in other romantic tales of love, but it is quite illogical to argue through characterization that typical human beings share a love for one another without being prone to any of the hyper-emotions and erratic behaviors love often manifests in real human beings.   Therefore, Austen's Pride and Prejudice appears to exhibit some pride and prejudice of its own, particular the fact that Austen seems to suggest people in her social circle are somehow better or more rational at least than typical human beings.      Works Cited Austen, J.   Pride and Prejudice.   New York, Oxford University Press, 1990. Oliphant, M.   "Miss Austen." In Pride and Prejudice, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990: 285-287. Simpson, R.   "The Critical Faculty of Jane Austen."   In Pride and Prejudice, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990:   287-290.

BCG Matrix

The idea of carrying your favorite music wherever you go has always been fascinating for people all over the world for the longest time. It started with carrying of stereo systems, then came the portable cassette players followed by the portable CD players and then finally the digital music players. In 2001 the portable music players industry was revolutionized by the advent of an Apple’s product called the iPod; this came as a breath of fresh air for music lovers all over the world and was an instant hit.The success of it can be determined by the fact that it has become a household name a brand known all over the world in such a short time; it is one of the highest revenue generating products for the Apple and is now the market leader in products of its genre. iPod – Target Market iPod’s target market has been the youth primarily who listen to music of all kinds and are always on the go, but with time the target market expanded tremendously.Now it caters to almo st everyone with accessories available it has made the music available for people where ever they are all the time. It has become part of everyday life of any professional who listens to music where ever he is working, although through campaigns it still targets the young energetic segment of the consumer market but benefits of the product are enjoyed by everyone (Apple Investor, 2008). Organizations have now employed iPod in training of their new recruits; this shows the diversity of the market that the product is now catering to.The product has grown over the years but has kept its integrity and maintained its status; as the market grew and competitors came in Apple as always tried to stay ahead of the competition by bringing variety in the product while keeping the originality. The iPod now ranges from iPod Classic, iPod Nano, iPod Shuffle and iPod touch; each caters to a different segment of the society and has its own niche. Factors influencing consumer behavior Factors that ha ve the most impact on the behavior of a consumer are †¢ Psychological †¢ Personal †¢ Social †¢ Cultural (Robbins & Judge, 2004)A manger while making any decision about a product needs to keep in mind anything that falls under the lines defined by the above mentioned factors. iPod on the other hand catered to each of these factors in its own way. Psychological If we analyze the add campaigns for the iPod it would tell us that it shows people that iPod is a product that has been designed for people who are energetic who are young or at least feel young, the colorful pattern adopted in the ads as well as in the product depicts that it is a product that doesn’t cater to a specific class but is for everyone (BCG Expertise, 2009).Being a technological product it also appeals to the techno side of a human mind, the desire to stay ahead of others and own an object that would be a statement for them. iPod over the years achieved this status of being a self statemen t for people and it is a major success of the product indeed. A lot of people associate their choice of music with their personalities, and are very possessive about the songs they own and they listen to, the iPod enable them to keep this possession close to them and take it wherever they go and enjoy them whenever they feel like, hence gives them this sense of completion as well.Personal The appeal of the product is created towards the younger generation primarily the students and the freshly hired professionals. The product is a little high priced that is why it has always been a status symbol as well in many societies, it is also for the people who have some know-how of technology and are inclined to learn more (Apple Investor, 2008). For people of young age life is always on the move, it is very important for them to have things that are portable and are easy to carry.Music is by far the favorite pass time as well as a motivator in a way that it complements their work habits, he nce having a device that can be easily carried and taken to places and can carry your favorite things is a great attraction. Social The social aspect of an iPod is on the greatest factor influencing consumer behavior. iPod from its introduction in 2001 became an instant hit and the culture of iPod started, it became a second name for music for a lot of people (Apple iPod Touch, 2009).Apple had a lot to do in bringing and enabling this culture to flourish as they kept on bringing in new features and accessories for the iPod music for example the iTunes and its advancements, this kept the customers involved in the product while on the other hand gave reasons to people to talk about the product hence iPod became a topic of discussion as well as the time progressed.A lot of the success of iPod has to do with peer pressure and reference groups as well, people adopt things that they see in their surroundings, or with people who they are close to. This creates a desire among them to have t he same object as well, with iPod being a state of the art product the word of mouth was tremendous people couldn’t stop talking about their iPods and its features; this created hype in the market about the product and more and more people bought them. CulturalWith the advancement in technology the people wanted convenience in everything and hence the involvement of technology increased day by day in a common man’s life, this culture of technology also progressed with time. With this culture flourishing iPod came as a perfect fit, people were willing to adopt changes and try out new products, people were better educated and well aware of what the product was all about hence less effort was required in making the people understand the product also it enabled people to better receive the product (iPhone 3G, 2009).The today’s world has become really fast paced, time is the most expensive resource and everybody seems to be short of it; in such times it was hard for people to relax at their work places or enjoy a few minutes of good music, even if they were able to they didn’t feel comfortable with it. In such time iPod came as blessing as it was handy yet could carry loads of music files now people were able to enjoy their music while being at work or being busy with whatever they want to do (Bulik, 2008). Consumer Behavior ModelBlack Box Model The Black Box model is divided into three basic parts: †¢ Environmental Factors †¢ Black Box †¢ Buyer’s Response (Daft, 2001) Environmental Factors The Environmental Factors is the basic scenario in which a consumer is placed and has to make a decision these are his surroundings and how the product is presented to him and also how he perceives the product, how important is it for him and does he even feel the need for the product or not. The environmental factors are further divided into two categories 1.Environment: These are the conditions that the customer lives in and hi s surroundings, the aspects involved are the political situation of the country and its stability, this also involves the economical standing of the country the buying power of the consumer, the cultural aspect is also included in order to analyze the fact and understand how the customer will perceive the product and also the technical issues are also discussed for the reason that whether the society is able to adopt and understand and support the technology or not.In iPods case as the product was launched predominantly in the western markets, the environment was favorable although some problems were faced in countries else where, the financial and political support was there, the product was a perfect fit for the fast paced on the go culture and also the technology was very well received by the audience (Robbins & Judge, 2004). 2. Marketing Strategy: The marketing aspect of the environmental factor is more company related this is more about how the company designs its product, pric es it, promotes it and defines distribution channels based on the environment discussed above (Martin, 2008).The success of iPod is an indication of its great marketing strategy; the product was a very well thought device which catered to the consumer needs perfectly, secondly the promotion was such that it appealed to everyone and distribution channels were effective enough that it was available everywhere. The pricing although was a little question mark the big profit margin that the company enjoyed restricted some of the potential customers from using the product but then again it was good enough to make it an extremely profitable product. Black BoxBuyers’ Characteristics: This is the part where the buyer’s personality is involved, the attributes that give him his identity influence his decision making process. The way the buyer perceives a product, the attitude with which he receives the product, his personal likes and dislikes and also his background and his lifes tyle all combined influence the decision that he takes. The characteristics of the target market were thoroughly analyzed and were responded with a great product and a marketing strategy, the habits and interests of the young generation were very well responded.The buyer’s response is considered as a rational decision based on the factors above while in reality it might not be the case, a buyer can be influenced by other factors as well, his decision doesn’t have to be rational in the defined lines of the black box, he can be bias and unreasonable as well but even in that way he is satisfying his own need to optimum utility (BCG Expertise, 2009). The positive response to iPod from the consumers is not necessarily due to the fact that it caters their needs but it can also be due to the fact that the buyer wants to fit into a certain circle of people and needs iPod as a support for his status.Decision Making: The second part of the black box is the buyer’s decisio n making process, it starts off with the identification of a problem that is the buyer’s realization of a need or a desire, second part is the research where the buyer looks out to find how can he fulfill his need, when he finds out ways how he can fulfill his needs then he evaluates all the options available to him, after the evaluation he finally comes to a conclusion and buys a product. The last part of the process is the behavior of the buyer after the purchase whether he comes back the second time or not, does he have complains, is he satisfied etc.(Martin, 2008) In the decision making process the problem was that people weren’t able to find a high quality digital music player that was reliable yet looked good, they did their research and iPod being the first of its kind was the only option available to them, after evaluating it and finding it best against the rest they bought the product. After the sales most of the customer were genuinely satisfied the evidence for which is the number of iPods sold and number of tunes downloaded from iTunes (Graham, 2008). RecommendationsPricing Strategy The iPod has always been a premium product by apple, relatively high priced but high quality; the high price is primarily due to the high profit margin that is kept on each device. The survey that was conducted that was conducted was based on 4 major points: 1. It was asked that which in their perspective is the best digital music player, the response was clear as more than 70 percent of the responses replied iPod; this shows that iPod is positioned as the best product in the market among the consumers (Bulik, 2008). 2.On the question whether respondents owned an iPod or not around 55 percent of the respondents replied positively. 3. When asked if they would want to own an iPod of their more than 90 percent replied positively; this showed the great potential the product had in the market. 4. When those who didn’t own an iPod already that why they di dn’t have an iPod the majority replied that they were not able to afford it. Hence it can be concluded that the product has great potential and still can capture a bigger share in an already self dominated market, but the only barrier is the high price.The price needs to be lowered a bit so that affordability of the product increases. This is not just in the western nations but one of the major reasons that iPod has not been able to flourish as greatly in rest of the world is the fact that an already high priced product becomes extremely unaffordable for people of poor economies when they are caught currency exchange rates. Even these markets have tremendous potential but they fall pray to cheap Chinese copies or other portable devices when the desire to own an iPod is great.The profit margin can be reduced and the recovery can be made on other products such as the accessories and music. Music Diversity Music form different genres must be added to the iTunes feature in order to attract a worldwide audience. This is the biggest internet music seller portal, recently iTunes celebrated its billionth download in just 9 months, this shows that how great the operations related to iPod have become and can become even bigger if a little diversity is added (Graham, 2008). Music SharingSharing the music between two iPod users is still an issue as there is no convenient way of transferring a file from one iPod to another, although there have been attempts such as the miShare but still it is a hassle. What needs to be done is that a wireless system of transferring files between the devices must be made so that two users are able to share their songs and enjoy the music together. FM Radio iPod doesn’t have an FM Radio feature; the FM industry has become huge over the years and has a great fan base and listenership.Not giving such a feature is just missing on to opportunities that are quite simple to catch on, hence an FM feature needs to be added in the produ ct. Advertisements While the high spirit energetic young look for advertisement must be maintained but also different campaigns must be introduced in order to attract audiences who may not like to be associated with this perception. References Apple Investor. (2008). Retrieved April 24, 2009, from http://www. apple. com/investor Apple iPod Touch. (Apple Inc.). Retrieved April 19, 2009, from http://www. apple. com/ipodtouch/ BCG Expertise. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 21, 2009, from Boston Consulting Group: http://www. bcg. com/impact_expertise/publications/files/Summary_Shop_org. pdf Bulik, B. S. (June 2008). Apple's iPhone steals marketing thunder from iPod. Advertising Age , 4-55. Daft, R. (2001). Organization Theory and Design, 9th ed. Chicago: South-Western. Graham, J. (2008). Apple iPhone hasn't gotten on Flash bandwagon yet. USA Today . iPhone 3G.(2008). Retrieved April 23, 2009, from http://images. apple. com/br/accessibility/pdf/iPhone_3G_vpat. pdf Martin, R. (2008). Apple Goes After Business With Phone Apps And SDK. Informationweek , 23-24. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2004). Organizational Behavior. New York: Pearsons. Survey: High Awareness, Strong Demand for Apple iPhone. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 22, 2009, from Marketing Charts: http://www. marketingcharts. com/interactive/survey-high-awareness-strong-demand-for-apple-iphone-694/

Wireless network routing on linux

1. IntroductionIn this portion of the topic, we are traveling to look at the introductory facets of sphere name waiters and its construction and its functionality facets. In which we are traveling to larn about several distinguishable routing mechanisms that helps us to implement dynamic routing with its organisation. In this we are besides traveling to larn about how to get down the routing between the terminuss and routing between groups and so on. In this portion we will show about the chief thought on smaller way routing and multicasting in routing so on.1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVEThe chief facet that lie beneath the debut of webs operation inside the house by Unix Router is studied, at the same time with the adversities that occur during development and constellation of router for the house and when all the workers uses the Unix OS. The chief facet that lie beneath the debut of webs operation inside the house by Linux Virtual LANS is studied, at the same time with the adversities that occur during development and constellation of router for the house and when all the workers uses the Mac OS. This technique besides concerns about the presentation mechanisms for doing certain a grow able and resilient web group development using the Unix Router. [ 1 ] Coming to the routing in Linux from local system to remote nodes within the web there are two distinguishable types of attacks and they are based on use of routing statically or dynamically. Each type of the attack that the router follows has some benefits and drawbacks besides in it, but when a web increases its capacity so dynamic routing is the most low-cost manner of keeping the web in Linux. Taking this facet into consideration we have to happen out the use of dynamic routing protocols in the topographic point of the use of inactive waies in all terminuss of a web2. Introduction ON SUBJECTIn this portion of the topic, we are traveling to look at the introductory facets of sphere name waiters and its construction and its functionality facets. In which we are traveling to larn about several distinguishable routing mechanisms that helps us to implement dynamic routing with its organisation. In this we are besides traveling to larn about how to get down the routing between the termi nuss and routing between groups and so on. In this portion we will show about the chief thought on smaller way routing and multicasting in routing so on.2.1 DOMAIN NAME SERVERThe Domain name waiter construction on the cyberspace really works like this: There are machines that work on petition of IP Numberss of these itself. These machines are known as waiters on sphere Name Server, and a petition is known as a Domain Name Server Lookup. Every Domain Name Server merely has inside informations about a specific entity of the universe broad web, and they often contact each other. [ 2 ]2.2 DIFFERENT ROUTING TECHNIQUESThere are several different attacks that exist and which help us to implement dynamic routing inside the IT organisation.Zebra is a codification for Linux machines which can keep several of the protocols demonstrated in this thesis. It is TCP/IP routing package that works with, OSPFVS RIPv1 and RIPv2.Gated is one more functionality plan for Linux, but it works merely in its binary province. This attack has a higher period of heritage than zebra and could be much faster. High terminal version of this attack works, but merely with proper licences in the market. Educational establishments works with this attack in different ma nner.Routed is a basic attack that is best available attack based on its cost restraints on Linux platforms. It is restricted merely to utilize a RIP protocol, which non a best option to travel on in a large webs, particularly when the web grows invariably. This is significantly advantageous for little webs. Merely thing we have take into consideration is the suited version of routing which works with RIP.2 and therefore we can work with class-less webs.The use of dynamic routing protocols is non that of import, but it is optional. A inactive Linux way can be another suited option to fall in the web to different node.2.3 ROUTING AMONG NODESWhen we join nodes combined with a distinguishable assortment of IP references will be used to those of set ‘s client web in Linux. The connection can be established between merely two-terminals as a point-to-point connections between the terminuss, but in instances where many terminuss can pass on with each other the terminuss can be config ured to be inside a basic country web, hence giving permission to them to pass on information in much better manner and forestall the hops. [ 2 ] The IP references used for the inter-terminal connection will be from the set 192.168.1xx.y, get downing with 172.168.64.0 and traveling on with 172.168.64.4, 172.168.64.8, depending on the measure of connections used. This could be the instance in point-to-point connections. In this instance 255.255.255.252 will be the net mask and will include two good IP addresses one for every terminal of the terminus. For bigger webs a bigger web will be marked for utilizing the suited net mask in Unix Router. To the several figure of webs which will, which may be predicted to be within a routing set the routing between the terminuss can be a hard undertaking. To decide this restraint it will be more frequently be necessary to use a interior gateway protocol, like RIP-Routing information Protocol or OSPF-open shortest way foremost, the protocol will be a much hard attack but confronting a adversity job. If the set ‘s web comprises of a less figure of terminuss inactive routing can be adjustable option, although it is non a coveted one. The use of dynamic routing in Linux prevents manual changes and makes certain that the connection to the new terminuss on the web commences automatically in a normal manner. For these peculiar facets its benefits are demonstrated whenever possible. Due to these facets antecedently the client IP addresses, and the use of the IP references choose for fall ining the terminuss within a Wi-Fi set must non be against with the references used by other Wi-Fi sets. Chiefly based on this aspect each set should hold to register the IP which has to be used for inter-terminal connections if they are distinguishable to the IP references used by their clients. If this is non made, it may non back up the routing between client terminuss on both webs joined to the Linux router, but it will do rectifying routing troubles ne'er possible which taking opportunities to larn about flow from one web to the other, and this is non at wholly opted to utilize. It is easier to unite protocols on the same web this is non a best suitable attack as the routing traffic will maximise and besides there will more hard adversities in the machines which should reassign the routing related informations from one protocol to another protocol within the web. Therefore every router sets must seek to judge on the routing and take a opportunity and must be certain that all routing inside the web between terminuss utilizes this similar protocol in Linux. As it could non be a desirable option to swear each one inside the web it may be compulsory for the terminuss admin to maintain some preventative confirmation techniques to do certain that incorrect informations related to routing is non inserted into the web.2.4 ROUTING WITH OTHER GROUPSEach clip a connection occurs by a web set to an outside machine is stated, in other territories, states or countries it is high precedence to do certain that there are no job between the different IP references used by the sets, and that no other high precedence restraints are traveling to be taken topographic point. [ 6 ] A web set an utilize the similar ways of interior gateway protocols to reassign routing related informations with other set as it happens within the nodes, but is more frequently desirable to use an exterior gateway protocol. Routing with another web sets must more frequently be made utilizing the boundary line gateway protocol and this is a peculiar 1 for which it is necessary to heighten more acquisition. The benefit of this technique is that every machine or set of machines in the web is termed as an chief machine which operates automatically and there is necessity to hold the inside informations of group ‘s internal paths, merely the places of entree to the set, the webs it comprises and the connection it has to other groups. [ 7 ] The assortment of IP references used for the inter-set interlinking is described antecedently and the references used must be made public to forestall IP reference jobs inside the web by the router. Taking into consideration of this, T may non be possible to wholly swear all the related informations gained by another set ‘s in the web and at the same clip to forestall erroneous informations being inserted into the web it may be of import for the web admin to maintain necessary confirmation techniques to do certain that false routing related informations will non oppositely affect the set ‘s web right methodological analysis. In a web set in the Linux we are said that a machine which operates automatically is necessary to give a figure utilizing some peculiar codification which specifically makes it out. In several state of affairss the set will non hold its single AS figure. It is said that when a set requires a new AS figure that it meets the Wi-Fi sets and it must be given with a figure inside the private AS group referred by RFC 1940. This set of Numberss is from 6441.2-65564. It will be good if a record of the given AS Numberss used by the Wi-Fi sets is placed in a public location web site such that it can be viewed and taken as mention by the distinguishable web sets. The existent AS figure is non that necessary, it is fundamentally an AS figure which is used for designation. In the similar mode that it is of high precedence that the IP references used by united work sets are non made extra transcripts, it is besides necessary to look into that a new set does n't utilize a As figure given to other work set, due to which the routers may be falsely communicated up to a certain extent.2.5 OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRSTOpen shortest way foremost is a non important link- province routing protocol. Open shortest way foremost can be used as an unfastened beginning and is said to be robust attack because it works on a broad scope of platforms independently which may be supplying this sort of support to the web and as it is a link-state protocol it can be distinguished from RIP or IGRP which are distance-vector protocols. Open shortest way foremost will non ever reassign a record of all its paths to its environing 1s, but merely transfers the alterations it finds out in the web construction, hence forestalling the non needed use of webs bandwidth. This is extremely more good than distance-vector algorithms which rely on the given timers to reassign sometimes local routing related informations to the staying web. Using the unfastened shortest way foremost the junction clip when a web alters may be every bit little as five or six seconds, which in the instance of RIP is hundred and ninety seconds. The naming of the routers which make an unfastened shortest way first web are given a peculiar name base on some facets like topographic point and necessity of them inside the web. About which it is demonstrated below briefly:Internal Router:Internal Router is a router in which all the webs are joined inside the same country in a direct manner. In the Internal Router merely one transcript of routing algorithm will be continued.Area Border Router:Area boundary line Router is a router in which it joins country to an country. It makes ideas between the two countries and maintains the webs which are utilized between them.Back Bone Routers:Back Bone Routers are routers which are the related to country O and are the necessary 1s for the broadcast medium through webs between several distinguishable countries.AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM BOUNDARY Routers:Autonomous system boundary routers are routers which are joined to the other AS or to the worldwide web. These are specifically routers which broadcas t routing related informations with other IGP and EGP routers which need non utilize the unfastened shortest way foremost. There are several distinguishable ways in which we can fall in the countries or terminuss at eh routing phase in web. A VPN manner has besides been introduced which can be extremely advantageous, specifically while fall ining distinguishable webs among territories or while the two terminuss are fare separated and it is mandatory to set up a nexus over the universe broad web. In this attack we can propose the country O is been placed as the chief terminus and more likely to a big bandwidth cyberspace connexion and to which other webs may be joined. In the instance where the terminuss many non be joined in direct contact to country O utilizing a direct contact or by VPN a practical connection to fall in it to country O will be necessary.2.6 OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST COMPARED TO OTHER PROTOCOLSThere will be peculiar instances in which peculiar machines will non assist out unfastened shortest way foremost and in this state of affairs another protocol such as RIP can be used, till it is RIP version 2, or lake herrings EIGRP two of which helps instance less webs. On a whole, the ABR will necessitate to assist open shortest way foremost to do certain that it need non give out the entire web related informations. It is required at the clip the entire web are joined to use protocols which can exemplify brief versions of the webs within an independent system as this will minimise up to a certain extent the use of the sum of routing related informations which is necessary to be exchanged between several distinguishable routers.2.7 BORDER GATEWAY PROTOCOLThe of import facets of the boundary line Gateway Protocol is same to that of an IGP router like unfastened shortest way foremost which surveies the minimal paths to entree the remaining of the terminuss and webs inside a machine which operates automatically. This differentiation is because of the Border Gateway Protocol works with webs of several distinguishable machines, exemplifying its ain web and happening out the ways by which the staying independent machines can be attained. BGP besides has several filtrating techniques which gives entree to us to take a determination to give a presentment to each of its bordering webs or non to inform related to the several distinguishable webs to which they are joined Because of the above facet, the benefits of BGP is considered as significantly advantageous to bury joint distinguishable Wi-Fi webs, as another option of utilizing an IGP type unfastened shortest way foremost.2.8 SUPPORT FOR MULTICAST ROUTINGSupport for multicast references must be involved in the terminuss routers, as this will give entree for systems which utilize the bandwidth of the web to a maximal extent. It keeps it conformity with multicast references that it is used to a maximal extent by several runing systems, but package sweetenings are compulsory for support multicast routing. For building a inactive routing tabular array, even we have an optional routing tabular array which maps to link hosts merely on the physical webs which are connected straight. The paths by the outside gateways must be included to the routing tabular array. One types of method to back up this edifice a inactive routing tabular array with path questions. In the routing tabular array, we can utilize manually route question to infix or cancel entries. To explicate the more clearly, if we wanted the path 207.25.98.0 to be added to a Solaris machines routing tabular array with path questions, so types: â€Å" # path add 207.25.98.0 172.16.12.11 add net 207.25.98.0: gateway almond† . As it is considered as a first bid after the path in this illustration is the cardinal guard ‘s add-on. The keyword on a interpolation or omission, commanding path to infix a new path or to cancel a present one. On the other manus, other value must be derived as finish references, which has to be assumed as reference that is attained through the path. At the same clip, Network name from the webs file as an Ip reference the mark reference could be assigned, a host name from the host files or the keyword fundamentally. Several Linux paths are inserted at the beginning degrees, IP addresses which are numeral are used more than the machine names. This is made for back uping that the routing scheme is independent on the degree of the name waiter package. At any clip we must use the entire numeral reference ( all 4 bytes ) . The path enhances the reference if it is made up of smaller than four bytes, and the enhanced reference need non be the one which we desired. If the basic keyword is used for the mark reference, path establishes a basic path. The basic path to a finish and it is fundamentally the one router we need in the web, if the web of ours has merely a individual gateway, and so use a basic path to convey all the traffic that is related to the distant webs through that gateway. The path question twine is the gateway reference for the web. It utilizes the IP reference of the outside gateway by which information is transmitted to the mark reference inside the web. The reference should hold gateway reference which is joined through a direct nexus in the web. The following hop must be available to the local host through a direct nexus. Therefore, it should be on a web which is joined straight. The metric bid is non used when routers are removed, but assorted machines need it when a path is inserted. Although its demand is necessary, path utilizes the metric merely to judge if this is a path which is attained by an interface through a direct nexus or a path that is achieved by a outside gateway. If the metric is O, the path is implemented as a path by a local interface, and the G flag. However, the gateway reference has to be considered with the aid of G flag set If the metric is more than zero, the reference should be assigned address of outside gateway.2.9 ADDING STATIC ROUTESTo infix inactive router in Linux atmosphere the subnet value 172.16.12.0. There are fundamentally two gateways on this subnet that can be handled, and they are almond and pecan. Almond type of gateway is utilized to several of the webs on the cyberspace used in Linux. Whereas the pecan gives entree to the different subnets on nuts-net therefore, We can use Prunus dulcis as our basic gateway due to i ts use of several 1000s of the paths. The lesser figure of paths that can be accessed with a easiness clearly by the pecan. The figure of paths that are accessed by a gateway waiter is non the measure of traffic it maintains, but Judgess which gateway to take as a basic one.To put in the default path on peanut, we enter:# path -n add default 172.16.12.1 1, add net default: gateway 172.16.12.1The mark is usually set as default ; Prunus dulcis ‘s reference is nil but the gateway reference ( 172.16.12.1 ) . The -n keyword is non a necessary option in Linux. It is merely to give the informations related to the path to demo numeral references in its informations messages. When we insert router questions to a startup file, use the -n keyword to avoid way from dissipate clip frame from commanding name waiter package that might non be put to deathing. After implementing the default way, measure the routing tabular array to guarantee that path has been inserted:% netstat -rnRouting Tables:FinishGatewayFlagsHoloceneUseInterface127.0.0.1127.0.0.1UH1132LionDefault172.16.12.1UG00Lion172.16.12.0172.16.12.2Uracil2649041LionBeginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm Attempt ping one time to look into the peanut is now ready to interchange informations with distant hosts. If we are fortunate, the distant host will reply and which will wish this: It is likely that the distant host is crashed or dropped. If it is, the Ping does non react. If it is like this we should non lose our hopes ; we need to seek another waiter.% ping 207.25.98.2 Ping 207.25.98.2: 56 informations bytes 64 bytes from the ruby.ora.com ( 207.25.98.2 ) : icmp_seq=0. time=110. MS 64 bytes from ruby.ora.com ( 207.25.98.2 ) : icmp_seq=1. time=100. Ms— — 207.25.98.2 Ping Statisticss — — 2 packages transmitted, 2 packages received, 0 % package loss round-trip ( MS ) min/avg/max = 100/105/110Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm This consequence is desirable which states that we are pass oning with the remote host which is a good mark ; this implies we got a important path to hosts on the cyberspace. On the other manus, now besides we have non implemented paths to the left over nuts-net. If we ping a host on different subnet, something exiting occurs:— – % ping 172.16.1.2 — – Ping 172.16.1.2: 56 informations bytes ICMP Host redirect from gateway almond.nuts.com ( 172.16.12.1 ) to pecan.nuts.com ( 172.16.12.3 ) for filbert.nuts.com ( 172.16.1.2 ) 64 bytes from filbert.nuts.com ( 172.16.1.2 ) : icmp_seq=1. time=30. Ms — — 172.16.1.2 Ping Statisticss — — 1 packages transmitted, 1 packages received, 0 % package loss round-trip ( MS ) min/avg/max = 30/30/30 beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htmPeanut trusts that all marks are come-at-able through its default way. Hence, even information meant for some other subnets is transmitted to almond. If insignificant transmits information to almond that must travel through the pecan, almond transmits an ICMP Redirect to peanut desiring it to utilize pecan Ping illustrations the ICMP Redirect in action. Netstat shows the consequence the redirect has on the routing tabular array:% netstat -nrRouting TablesFinishGatewayFlagsRefcntUseInterface127.0.0.1127.0.0.1UH11604lo0172.16.1.2172.16.1.3UGHD0514le0Default172.16.1.1UG3373964Lion172.16.1.0172.16.12.1Uracil686547686547le0 Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm The path with the D flag set was installed by the ICMP Redirect. Some of the web directors take the benefit of ICMP Redirects while intriguing and developing a web. All hosts are implemented with a default way, even those on webs with more than one gateway. The gateways swap routing informations through routing protocols and readdress hosts to the finest gateway for a specific path. This sort of routing, which is necessary on ICMP Redirects, has been a important attack due to personal systems ( Personal computers ) . Assorted Personal computers does non put to death a routing protocol ; some does non hold a path question and are restricted to a lone default way. Obviously, ICMP Redirects are delighting to keep up these users. Along with this, this sort of routing is simple to implement and best appropriate for execution by a constellation waiter, as the similar default way is used on each host. Based on these facets, some web directors support confidence on repeating ICMP Redirects. [ 6 ] Additional web decision makers want to forestall ICMP Redirects and to continue direct bid of above the topics of the routing tabular array. To remain off from redirects, specific paths can be setup for each subnet, utilizing independent path statements:# path -n add 172.16.1.0 172.16.12.3 1, add net 172.16.1.0: gateway 172.16.12.3 # path -n add 172.16.6.0 172.16.12.3 1 add net 172.16.6.0: gateway 172.16.12.3 # path -n add 172.16.3.0 172.16.12.3 1 add net 172.16.3.0: gateway 172.16.12.3 # path -n add 172.16.9.0 172.16.12.3 1 add net 172.16.9.0: gateway 172.16.12.3 Netstat shows what the completed routing table expressions like. % netstat -rnhypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm Routing tabular arraiesFinishGatewayFlagsRefcntUseInterface127.0.0.1127.0.0.1UH1132Loe172.16.12.0172.16.12.2Uracil2649041Lion172.16.1.3172.16.12.3UGHD1514LionDefault172.16.12.1UG00Lion172.16.1.0172.16.12.3UG14904Lion172.16.6.0172.16.12.3UG00Lion172.16.3.0172.16.12.3UG00Lion00LionBeginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm The routing tabular array we have created utilizes the default way i.e. by Prunus dulcis to achieve outside webs, and specific waies by pecan to achieve other subnets inside nuts-net. Re-executing the Ping options facilitates regular most achieving end products. On the other manus, if any subnets are excess to the web, the waies to these new subnets should be manually inserted to the routing tabular array. On a whole, if the machine is restarted, all routing tabular arraies which are inactive will lose its entries. Hence, to use inactive routing, we should guarantee that the waies are re-introduced every clip our machine restarts.Installing inactive paths at startupIf we make a determination to use inactive routing, we need to make two changes to our startup files: Insert the wanted path statements to a startup file. Delete any statements from startup file that execute a routing protocol. Linux offers an inspiring illustration, due to its demand of inactive paths to build the optimum routing tabular array. The Linux debut of ifconfig will non change the routing tabular array when a new interface is implemented. The way for a new interface is inserted form outside with a path question. These interface paths are stocked up in the startup book. The chief path statements in rc.inet1 utilize book variables. We altered these to references for the intent of ambiguity./sbin/route add -net 127.0.0.0 /sbin/route add -net 172.16.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.0beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm The first statement installs the path for the loopback interface. Taking into consideration of this brief sentence structure of this codification: it find out a mark but no gateway. This is due to Linux has a specific sentence structure merely for including a path to an interface. We must hold stated the bid as: /sbin/route add -net 127.0.0.0 dev lo0 If dev is non mentioned on the codification line, the way codification finds out the right interface from the mark reference. The 2nd statement from /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1 book implements the way for the Ethernet interface. This statement comprises of a subnet mask. If nil provided, it would default to 255.255.0.0, which is the criterion for category B reference 172.16.0.0. Implementing waies for straight presenting interfaces is specific to Linux. On a Solaris system, edit /etc/init.d/inetinit to add the path statements:path -n add default 172.16.12.1 1 & gt ; /dev/consolepath -n add 172.16.1.0 172.16.12.3 1 & gt ; /dev/consolepath -n add 172.16.3.0 172.16.12.3 1 & gt ; /dev/consoleBeginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //docstore.mik.ua/orelly/networking/tcpip/ch07_03.htm3 INFORMATION SECURITIESNetwork security and informations security are largely used as the security mechanisms which are maintained one or the other. On a whole web security is usually taken in to consideration for security mechanisms at the terminals of a house, seting out the unauthenticated entries, for illustration Data Loss Prevention-DLP. In the instance of the two manner attack of hallmark, the things which we utilize are the things which are in usage, coming to the three manner attack of hallmark the things which we have used are besides used. A important survey of basic techniques and inside informations in web security is demonstrated in the signifier of a non sum topology of web security onslaughts. [ 14 ]3.1 SECURITY MANAGEMENTSecurity direction for webs is varied for all types of scenarios. Manageability enhances package and hardware to forestall boisterous charges from speaking entree of the web and spamming. A switch works as a several-port span and to larn the topographic point of each systems Mac reference by maintaining an oculus on the current traffic. For each clip period it switches, it will merely travel in front traffic to the port that contain the finish Mac reference. Developing switched LAN internet maps for the 30 five staff several of which are included in the papers development, interaction with clients and disposal of office.3.2 PERSONAL LEGAL TEAMPreviously, the web developers and router had merely a minimal ways of taking the hardware tools at the clip of purchasing a engineering for their organisation webs. Hubs are by and large used for wiring cupboards and routers which are responsible for information centre or important communications operation.3.3 BUSINESS LEGAL TEAMIn the instance of concern legal squad staff and legal workers, maestro in marketing Torahs. Function of LAN exchanging and UNIX router engineering in organisation web Several web developers are get downing to present shift tools into their present running shared-media webs to achieve the illustrated aims: Involve the maintainability of VLANs by structuring web clients into logical work sets that are non dependent of the physical topology of wiring cupboard hubs. This could cut down the disbursals of alterations, interpolations and alterations while maximising the easiness of usage of the webs. Shared-media LANs separates the clients into two or more independent LAN units, minimising the figure of clients that are in conflict for bandwidth. LAN exchanging technique, which constructs this attack, involves micro divider, which besides partitions the LAN to lesser clients and eventually a lone client with a changeless regular LAN unit. Switch overing technique is the best opted coveted solution for heightening LAN traffic for the so called facets.Not like hubs and repeaters, a switch provides many informations watercourses to reassign at a clip.Switchs by the micro divider ways, have the capacity to manage maximized gait and bandwidth of turning engineeringsSwitched cyberspace and UNIX router solutionsNetwork developers have observed that assorted systems which facilitate switched cyberspace and UNIX router work solutions are really few. Some provide a restricted figure of hardware platforms back uping little or no machine execution with the present substructure. To be signifi cantly advantageous, a switched cyberspace work solution should achieve the followers:Control strategic influxs in the present communicating substructure which maximising come-at-able bandwidth.Reduce the disbursals of keeping web operations.Provide ways to assist multimedia plans and other most-demanded traffic in between a broad scope of platforms.Attain scalability, traffic ordinance and security to minimum extent up to the present twenty-four hours ‘s router-related internetworks.Achieve a assisting manus for built-in distant monitoring- RMON entity.The chief attack to achieving these is to recognize the functionality of interworking package mechanism inside the switched inter webs. Though LAN and ATM switches are demoing good sweetenings in the functionality facets, they give manner to the new internetworking challenges. Therefore a existent switched internetwork in more important than a group of boxes. It comprises of a machine of devices follow and worked by an internet working package technique. With the innovation of switched interworks, the expertness will be displayed on the whole of the web, demoing out the non centered facet of exchanging systems. The necessity for an internetworking substructure will be in a similar manner.4. COMPONETS OF SWTICHED INTERNETWORKING MODELA switched internetwork is comprised of chiefly three important tools which are: physical shift platforms, a common package substructure, web direction tools and applications, web developers with a entire terminal-to-terminal solution for presenting and keeping sweetening belongingss, robust, switched internetworks4.1 SCALABLE Switch PLATFORMS4.1.1 EVALUATE IPV4 AND IPV6 FOR THE STAFFIPv6 security is similar to that IPv4 security in assorted attacks. In truth the similar adversities that occur IPv6 1Psec execution IPv6 is usually implemented without the necessity of cryptanalytic security of any type. Along with this, due to several security restraints that are faced at the application degree, even the important execution of 1Psec with IPv6 will non supply any farther security sweetening for those onslaughts Inspite of the advantageous capableness of happening out the ground of the onslaught. There are some of import differentiations between IPv4 and IPv6, out of the authorization of 1Psec. These distinguishable facets will change the sorts of onslaughts which IPv6 webs are largely to face. It is besides non normal that the optimum house will alter wholly to IPv6 in a little clip period ; it will largely pull off IPv4 fall ining for the whole of multiyear migration to IPv6. At present, this has non a proper solution for the onslaughts which those type webs will confront and the development alterations necessary to turn to those onslaughts. This gives a brief of several of the basic onslaughts towards IPv4 and so evaluates and contradicts how these onslaughts or 1s that resemble like these might impact an IPv6 web.4.1.2 THIS DOCUMENT BENEFITS THE FOLLOWING GROUP OF INDIVIDUALSNetwork and security designers: – This broad association of people are the chief behind the building of the universe broad web at present and has restrictions for peculiar states, chiefly which are non involved in the IPv6 protocol and its alterations.Security research workers: – By taking into consideration of this thesis they must expertise with solutions for research in IPv6 security.IETF members: – The IETF, this association is the necessary 1 for the growing and sweetening of the IP Protocol, must be advantageous from a comparative survey of the deficiencies in IPv4 as in contrast to IPv6.Government Policy shapers: – The US section of defence has made out its thoughts a complete displacement to IPv6 by 2008, confused a spot by its aim for security. This purpose is appreciatable, but IPv6 is non a solution for all security concerns on a whole, a valid portion of influxs in the growing of new research stuffs for authorities workers is necessary demand to necessitate the end with in 2008.Other associations within the authorities have concerned on IPv6 as a manner of sweetening in worldwide wed security. This thesis is considered to be a helpful reso urce for such association for indicating out instances where there is a demand of attending. This engineering, IPv6 geographic expedition is varied from the IPv6 in two chief facets. The first is that the ping expanse or port scan, when used to measure the hosts on a subnet, are considerable difficult to carry through in IPv6 web. The 2nd, new multicast references in IPv6 gives out a manner to pick out specific set of cardinal machines with easiness. Additionally, go forthing these separating characteristics, geographic expedition methods in IPv6 are the similar 1s when compared with IPv4. IPv6 are besides more dependent on ICMPv6 to work decently. Strong filtering of ICMPv6 may go forth sick effects on web methods.5.1 NETWORK MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND APPLICATIONSThe units of a switched internetworking theoretical account is comprised of web maintain tools and applications. A important switched internetworking method should include the advantages of routers and switches together in each portion of the web, along with this it should supply a easiness of usage mechanism from shared-media networking to exchange internetworks. In normal switches which are non collaborating in the organisation web development gives out the undermentioned advantages: Large bandwidth, quality of service, less expensive, Time frame, Ease of constellation is high precedence facet and appraisal disbursals.5.2 comparings of LAN switches and routers:Routers provide the undermentioned maps:Conveying firewall, Communication between distinguishable LANs, Convergence in less clip, Policy routing, Security, Load rating and Idleness, Traffic transportation care and multimedia association rank.5.2.1SUBNETWORKINGEasy to entree switched internet maps are comprised of physically distinguishable dividers, but are logically taught to be as a one individual web. This facet is included to the me thod that LAN switches operate- they regulate at OSI layer2 and must supply connectivity to hosts as if every host is located on a individual overseas telegram. Layer 2 turn toing considers a level reference infinite with broad assortment and scope of particular references. Routers regulate at bed 3, evaluate and stick to a hierarchal addressing construction. Route webs can associate a logical addressing method to a physical substructure so every web divider substructure so every web divider has a TCP/IP subnet or IPX web. Traffic transmittal on routed webs is distinguishable from that is on switched webs. Routed webs have more flexible traffic transmittal as they utilize the hierarchy to indicate out minimum paths based on dynamic facet Such as web concern. Datas can be gained by the staff to routers and switches that can be used to set up maximal unafraid webs. LAN switches may use created filters to supply entree control depending on mark reference, beginning reference, protocol sort, package size, and inside the clip frame. Routers can filtrate on logical web references and supply a regulative depending on facets accessible in layer 3 or halt traffic depending on specific TCP/IP socket related informations for a set web references.5.3 BENEFITS OF LAN SWITCHESAn independent bed 2 switch may supply some or all of the illustrated advantages:Bandwidth: – Local area network switches provide important growing and sweetenings for single clients by giving specific bandwidth to each switch port ( for illustration, each web divider ) . This method of allotment is called Micro divider.VLANs- LAN switches can organize a set of independent ports into logical switched work sets termed as VLANs hence ; by this they restrict the transmission sphere to valid VLAN member ports. VLANs are besides called as switched spheres and independent shift spheres. Transmission between VLANs needs a router.5.4 NETWORK DESIGN PRINCIPLESSignificant web development is dependent on assorted surveies that are illustrated in brief based on the chief facets described below:Examine individual points of failure carefully: There must be a minimizing manner in the web so that a lone malfunction will non halt any portion of the web. There are two cardinal characteristics of minimising that are load equilibrating. In the instance of a malfunction in the web, there must be a alternate path. Load equilibrating happens when two more paths to a mark are present and can be used based on the web burden. The degree of minimising technique required in a specific web differs from web to web.Characterize application and protocol traffic: Taking into consideration, the transmittal of plan information will sketch the client-server exchange of informations and is of import facet for important resource allotment, like the figure of users utilizing a specific waiter or the figure of user a specific waiter or the figure of user workgroups on a divider.Analyze bandwidth handiness: – Taking into consideration, the must non be order of measure differentiation between the several distinguishable sorts of the hierarchal theoretical account. It is critical to take a note that the hierarchal theoretical account relates to knowledge beds that provide functionality. The bandwidth return provide functionality. The bandwidth takes important part in the topology where a big figure of Stationss are at that place. The beds need non hold to be a physical connection it can be the anchor of a specific device.Build webs using a hierarchal or modular theoretical account:The hierarchy gives manner to independent dividers to go the yesteryear of cyberspace and map together. In the individual router layout, the chief and distribution beds are included in a individual unit. The router chief functionality is shown by the backplane of the router and distribution is shown by the router. Permission allowing for terminal clients is achieved by independent or chassis-based hubs. The distributed anchor construction utilizes a really fast anchor media, usually FDDI to convey routing engineering between several routers. This besides makes the anchor to go across floors, a flat or an organisation. Switched LAN web design rules: When developing switched LAN organisation webs, the assorted facets that are to taken into history are described below:Accessible bandwidth to entree routing functionality: Inter-VLAN traffic should be routed, by which the web development will give sufficient bandwidth to several inter-VLAN traffic from the beginning, by the machine that affords routing methodological analysis and to the mark.Appropriate arrangement of administrative boundaries: Switch has the possibility of agony of multiport webs and the execution of exchanging external of our administrative bounds can oppositely had to enduring the webs inside our administrative bounds. Organization web development are heightening significantly with the execution of exchanging at all degrees of the web from desktop to the anchor. Three topologies have been come out as generic web development techniques: scaled shift, big shift, minimum routing, distributed routing, shift, and scaled shift.To mensurate the upper limit switched, min imum routing design, a logical hierarchy should be implemented. The logical hierarchy comprises of VLANs and routers that facilitate inter-VLAN broadcast medium. In this topology, routing is used merely in the distribution bed and the entree bed based on bandwidth by the distribution bed to achieve permission to really fast exchanging methodological analysis in the major bed.Chapter 6The information mentioned in this chapter illustrates us the research techniques that I have used for theUracilnothings based router.6.1 Research Methodology6.1.1 LAN and Router planing for an organisation and scenarioA organisation which have hundred and 50 worker, five staff are related to the betterment of the selling state of affairs. The IP web development series speaks about the concern related with organisation LAN development. The selling technique related on the footing of searchnetworking.com, tells the advantages of concern by Ethernet exchanging in contrast to the traditional hub ambiance. The chief nonsubjective beneath the execution networking inside the house is by practical LANs is seen besides with the facets related to the characteristics like gauging and constellation of router for the house and all the workers are utilizing the MAC OS. This thought besides illustrates for doing certain a adjustable and resilient organisation web development with the usage of UNIX router. [ 14 ] Intranet is a basal set platform, which tells us that merely a individual terminus can convey information onto the platform at merely tome which is specific. Internet hub systems take the restrictions of any entree related issues by development and implementing router for the house and all the workers are utilizing the MAC OS. Ethernet exchanging alternatively of configuring shared Ethernet attains the described functional facets: Every port on a switch is in the sphere which collides of its ain and therefore a workgroup joined to the LAN through a switch port alternatively of a hub port need non hold to fight for entree to the wire by looking for hits prior the information is sent. This maximizes the bandwidth on the LAN.Router switches in a campus anchor6.2 Data Management within the web 1. Datas Administration Data plus, Data administration, Data steward 2. Data Architecture, Analysis and Design Data analysis, Data architecture, Data mold 3. Database Management Data care, Database disposal, Database direction system 4. Data Security Management Data entree, Data erasure, Data privateness, Data security 5. Data Quality Management Data ripening, Data unity, Data quality, Data quality confidence 6. Mention and Master Data Management Data integrating, Master Data Management, Reference information 7. Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Management Business intelligence, Data mart, Data excavation, Data motion ( extract, transform and burden ) , Data repositing 8. Document, Record and Content Management Document direction system, Records direction 9. Meta Data Management Meta-data direction, Metadata, Metadata find, Metadata publication, Metadata register In the present age direction use, each can merely put out a manner deviated from the cardinal word ‘data ‘ in compound nomenclature to the cardinal word information or may be cognition when saying in non-scientific attack. Therefore there will be informations direction along with the information direction and cognition direction. Even though informations may be present in footings of information or even knowledge they will be every clip in the head of the individual and hence they will be evaluated in the several criterions.6.3 Wireless LANsAdvantages of radio LANs include:The important demand for the radio LANs is clearly seeable because of their cost less expensive nature and simple to execution when compared to staying webs and web devices. The big figure of machines available in present market scenario is largely fitted signifier the beginning with the radio LAN nomenclature.Convenience:The Wi-Fi belongings of these sorts of webs facilitates users to acquire permissio n to use web resources form any suited topographic point inside their basic networking environment either it is a large or a little one.Mobility:With the rapid growing and use of public Wi-Fi webs, users can acquire permission to use the cyberspace even from finish external to their work atmosphere. Mast coffeehouse, for illustration, provide users a wi-fi connexion for acquiring entree to internet at minimal monetary value or even free of charge. With the lessening in the usage of laptop-level machines, this is specifically related.Productiveness:Clients joined to a Wi-Fi web can pull off a about steady relationship with their suited webs as they shift from location to location. For a chance in the concern, this tells us that a worker can significantly be efficient as his or her work can be finished from any suited topographic point. By taking into consideration of this illustration, a infirmary or depot may present voice against WLAN technologies that gives manner to mobility any best monetary values in the market.Deployment:For get downing up of an infrastructure-related Wi-Fi web it is needed to hold little sweetenings to the individual entree point. When compared with the wired webs, they have higher costs and complications of utilizing physical wires that are used for the puting up the connexion to more topographic points.Expandability:Wi-Fi webs can work even in instances with unexpected rise in the figure of users with the tools that are present merely. Whereas, a wired web more the figure of users require increased physical overseas telegrams.Cost:Wi-Fi webs require hardware which is of extremely expensive when compared to wired networks demands. This significantly raised the disbursals which are of really high when taken into consideration of the nest eggs it had made by non utilizing any wiring hardware.Disadvantages:Wi-Fi LAN engineering, by looking at the above mentioned allowances and characteristics which seem to be extremely important there are some drawbacks besides. For a given web topographic point, Wi-Fi LANs need non be the best suited 1s based on several characteristics. Several of these have work on with the built-in limitations of the engineering.Security:Wi-Fi LAN communicators are developed to ease machines on a whole unit without any dungs in the webs by the usage of wireless frequences. As a ground of infinite and disbursals, the signal receiving systems that exist on Wi-Fi networking cards in the finishs machines are largely less quality. In order to acquire proper signals by utilizing those type of receiving systems even in a best location, the Wi-Fi LAN communicator uses a maximal energy while transmittal.Scope:The normal scope of a basic 802.11g web with the common tools and engineering will lie in a scope of 10s of metres.Dependability:Similar to any other wireless frequence broadcast medium, Wi-Fi networking signals are affected to big figure of perturbations, every bit good as hard transmittal troubles like several way, or specifically in this Rican attenuation that are above the custodies of web admin. In the scenario of basic webs, transition is attained by hard stairss of phase-shift keying-PSK, amplitude modulation-QAM, doing engagement and transmittal facets all the maximized attempts.Speed:On several of the Wi-Fi webs usually 1-108Mbits/s gait is well less in contrast to the minimal degree of the basic wired webs 100Mbitsp/s to a tallness of several Gbit/s. there is besides some transmittal concerns raised by the TCP and its built-in obstructor ordinance techniques. For several users, on the other manus this illustration is non related as the velocity restriction point is non in the Wi-Fi web but taken into consideration of the external web connectivity is ensured. Taking the illustration, the highest ASDL end product usually 8Mbits/s or even lesser given by telecommunication industries to normal users is form start onwards is much lesser than the minimal velocity Wi-Fi webs to which it is fundamentally joined. Enhanced attacks such as 802.1 1n are being work outing this restriction and will backup highest end product in the scope of 100-200Mbit/s. Turning concerns that are looking frontward for rise in the web coverage of the Wi-Fi webs and less figure of limitations, needed to make up one's mind new bill of exchange 802.11n Wi-Fi tools. New bill of exchange 802.11n devices are expected to demo high degrees of efficiency and maximal connectivity country.6.4 FEATURES AND ADVANTAGES OF WIRELESS ROUTER NETWORKIn this Earth of advanced engineering, several people opt for non to fall in machines with Ethernet wiring due to maximal extent of wiring is spread around their office or abode is non a coveted one to hold. We can choose to implement a Wi-Fi web to forestall maximal wiring. For a Wi-Fi web, there is no demand to utilize Ethernet wiring to fall in our machines to the DSL or router. Basically, a Wi-Fi web transmits signal utilizes one or more Wi-Fi routers or Wi-Fi entree points. The admittance points or router are gained with an aerial and an Ethernet port. The Ethernet port in the Admission point must be joined to the modern who is provided by our cyberspace service giver, we can besides do a brotherhood of cabled and Wi-Fi connexions with an admittance point or Wi-Fi router. IEEE 802.11 constructs of Wi-Fi transmit is used in a Wi-Fi local country web ( WLAN ) . Particular other Wi-Fi networking constructs like Bluetooth are admirable at present. On the other manus, 802.11 constructs are described as the several efficient networking solutions. By and large, the aim of the interior decorators of this web entree point was to fall in machines through a local country web. On the other manus, at present it was modified and a Wi-Fi web interface is besides used for voice over cyberspace protocol ( VoIP ) and permission to utilize internet depends on the research done up to now, it is apparent that we can remain united in our web for maximal clip frame every twenty-four hours. If we have a laptop with Wi-Fi handiness, we can roll throughout the office premises without laptop while there will be no dropping in the signal or there wo n't be any connexion losingss. At present, specific urgent services are airing their private informations through a Wi-Fi web. We can make up one's mind this as an clear position for information protection which provided by Wi-Fi web. We can reassign and pass on information spontaneously by a Wi-Fi web. This is a valid facet why concern and people opt for this web base for informations sharing. Some of the valid facets which make Wi-Fi web significantly advanced are:Suitable facets like we can use this web at a abode, the office or at any topographic point and with easiness of usage.WLANs are admissible everyplace around the Earth at a minimal cost.While switching to a new topographic point, we can reassign the interface and configure it at our new topographic point with easiness.There is no demand for an Ethernet wiring to fall in machines one another.In a concern point of position, one of the important benefits in implementing a Wi-Fi web is the nest eggs, we can hold permissions for alterations in our concern in minimal clip frame after configuring the Wi-Fi web. There is no demand to sell out hard currency on wiring and other devices. The disbursals of pull offing Wi-Fi web are besides less when taken into contrast to other webs. In the present yearss, we can have Wi-Fi routers at a best coveted monetary value. Besides holding a Wi-Fi web can maximise growing and heighten the operation atmosphere in our organisation. Surely, one of the of import drawbacks of this web is that it may ensue in physical wellness conditions and atmosphere related concerns. [ 22 ]AN IDENTIFICATION OF THE SECURITY THREATSNow yearss, a mail was posted to the editor asking about the security characteristics of Wi-Fi webs and how to protect them. All Wi-Fi systems have certain sort of security issues based on how they are implemented or used. The different sorts of Wi-Fi connexion provide distinguishable methods of linking conditions on the corporate web or the cyberspace. Before stoping up the treatment and enter into the research treatment let us one time once more guarantee weather the definitions and methodological analysiss based on the subject are up to day of the month.7.1 IntroductionMany of us in the public funding occupation need to travel from office for a considerable clip frame to ease our users or travel to the events. Whole traveling from topographic point to topographic point, we trust on the user or the no cabled or wireless connexion in the accommodating topographic points to link back to the organisation to look for electronic mail updates or update the proceeding of the concern or to entree informations of the organisation or sometimes work separately by a terminal waiter.7.2 LIMITATIONSThere are several drawbacks of client-server design. Those are illustrated below:Security: In immense plan implementing security facets is a minor undertaking. But in a client-server depended design is provided with a great extent of flexibleness and a client can fall in anyplace in the web. This turns out to be a chance for interlopers to come in into the web. Hence, doing certain about the client-server engineerings is really important.Waiters can be constrictions: Waiters can move as the restricting points d ues to assorted users may fight to fall in to a waiter at the same time. This restraint occurs because of the easiness of entree provided to any client to fall in the web at any specific clip.Compatibility: Client and waiters might non to be in good footings with each other. Because of distinguishable industry may plan the client and waiter devices, they might non be suited to each other because of facets like informations types, linguistic communication and so on.Incompatibility: Cloning of waiters is a serious concern as it can originate the job of informations incompatibility.7.3 RESEARCH SCOPE7.3.1 WIRELESS OFFICE NETWORKS:Many of the funding organisations have been taught of Wi-Fi networking in their organisations but taking into consideration about the security concerns it decides. We have all known sing the WEP and intelligence in the media universe above how it had been attacked by the interlopers. In malice this is right and is a issue for Wi-Fi WEP- encoded webs, WPA-secur ed webs does non hold the similar issue, provided a rigorous security key is used. A rigorous security key could be termed as a large twine of characters taken at random from the 95 accessible keys. Taking into consideration, the lamb which Mary had spent 20 yearss in the forests is a better encoded key when compared to ABTY1386. It may necessitate several old ages to brute force Rhine wine the lamb phrase, but merely a few hours clip to chop the AB phrase. If used in good manner, WPA can supply a secure Wi-Fi web connexion for a funding organization.WEP must non be used at anytime as the encryption has been easy attacked. Using WPA is a obviously a easy technique of configuring the device for WPA connexions and so edifice that protocol on all the different Wi-Fi machines in the organisation. Provided a rigorous pre-shared key is used, the chance of the Wi-Fi web being attacked is really less. WPA can be used provided best methods are used. If WEP is being used in our Wi-Fi web, it is the state of affairs to alter to WPA.7.3.2 THE TRAVELLING WIRELESS OFFICEIn instance the client web is predicted to be to the full protected, the hotel or other Wi-Fi topographic point is estimated to be unafraid. This widens our machines and our information to be show cased to other who wanted to measure the topics of our machine. Using a package firewall does non give entree to ports which are non in usage, but there are assorted ports free to see on a machine that can give entree to person to hold a expression at informations. Some of these ports may be given entree by the package, and we may non even know that the ports are free to be entree. For illustration, in instance of horsepower pressman package this gives entree to ports on the machine that grants permission for wired web connexi ons to be granted with the machine. In laptops the cards will be installed and while fall ining the laptop in direct contact to the cyberspace through the